2019年，随着比特币价格攀升到将近2W美金/枚，各国人民在全世界范围内掀起了一股炒币热潮，区块链、比特币、挖矿、BSN，这些关于区块链技术的词汇一时间火遍全球。那么区块链到底是什么?比特币是像人民币一样的货币么?中国移动在区块链技术大潮中，又扮演了什么角色?带着这些问题，我们来聊聊区块链的今生前世。
In 2019, as the price of bitcoin rose to nearly $2W/m, the world witnessed a worldwide boom in bounties, blocks, bitcoin, mining, and BSN, the terms of which are all over the globe. What is the chain of blocks? Is Bitcoin a currency like the renminbi? What role does China play in the technology of the block chain? With these questions, let's talk about the pre-life of the chain of blocks.
人们总说“历史总是惊人的相似”，在聊区块链之前我们先回顾一下历史，其实区块链解决的问题在历史上已经演绎过了：
People always say & & ldquao; history is always amazingly similar & & rdquao; before we talk about the block chain, let's look back at history, which has solved the problem:
历史上的拜占庭帝国，位于如今土耳其的伊斯坦布尔，是东罗马帝国的首都。战争时期，拜占庭的军队分散开来围攻敌军的城市(如下图)，各队伍的将军们必须达成一致的共识，决定什么时间攻城，只有一半以上的军队同时发起进攻，才能获得胜利。问题是：(1)这些将军在地理上是分隔开来的，将军与将军之间只能靠信差传消息;(2)军中存在间谍，间谍可以欺骗某些将军采取跟共识不一致的行动。如果叛徒达到了这一目的，则任何攻击行动都是注定要失败的，所以，拜占庭将军问题本质是共识互信问题。
The historic Byzantine Empire, located in Istanbul, Turkey today, is the capital of the East Roman Empire. During the war, the Byzantine army spread out and surrounded the cities of the enemy forces (see figure below). The generals of each army must agree on the time to attack the city, and only if more than half of them attack simultaneously can they win.
“拜占庭将军问题”延伸到互联网生活中来，其内涵可概括为：在互联网大背景下，当需要与不熟悉的对方进行价值交换活动时，人们如何防止被欺骗。进一步延伸到技术领域中来，其内涵可概括为：在缺少可信任的中央节点和可信任的通道的情况下，分布在网络中的各个节点应如何达成共识。
& & ldquo; General Byzantine & rdquo; extending to Internet life can be summarized as: how people can prevent deception in the broader context of the Internet when it is necessary to exchange values with their unfamiliar counterparts. Further extension to the technical field can be summarized as: how the various nodes in the network should reach consensus in the absence of trusted central nodes and trusted access.
区块链，是指通过去中心化(或多中心)和去信任的方式集体维护一个分布式可信数据库的技术方案。参与该系统中的任意多个节点，把一段时间系统内信息交流的数据，通过密码学算法处理和记录到一个数据块，并且生成该数据块的指纹用于链接下个数据块和校验，系统所有参与节点来共同认定记录的真伪。
Block chains are technical options for collective maintenance of a distributed and credible database through decentralisation (or multiple hubs) and detrusting. Participation in any number of nodes of the system, processing and recording data exchange within the system over a period of time into a data block through cryptographic algorithms, and generating fingerprints for the data block to link to the next data block and check, all participating nodes of the system to jointly determine the authenticity of the record.
区块链是一种类似于非关系型数据库的技术解决方案统称，并不是某种特定技术，开发者可以通过多种程序语言和架构来实现区块链技术。
Block chains are a technical solution similar to a non-relationship database, not a particular technology, and developers can achieve block chain technology through multiple procedural languages and structures.
“中共中央政治局2019年10月24日下午就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行第十八次集体学习。中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时强调，区块链技术的集成应用在新的技术革新和产业变革中起着重要作用。我们要把区块链作为核心技术自主创新的重要突破口，明确主攻方向，加大投入力度，着力攻克一批关键核心技术，加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展。”
& ldquo; 18th collective study on the current state of and trends in block chain technology in the afternoon of 24 October 2019, by the Central Political Office of the Communist Party of China (CCP). The CCP General Secretary, Xi Jinping, in hosting the study, stressed that integrated application of block chain technology plays an important role in new technological innovations and industrial transformations. We need to make block chains an important entry point for core technological autonomous innovation, identify the main thrusts, increase the inputs, and accelerate the development of block chain technology and industrial innovation.
- - 摘自“新华社北京10月25日电”
- 在众多前沿科技中，我国在5G和区块链领域同其他国家处在同一起跑线上，共同制定行业标准和技术指标，壁垒较少;
- 区块链技术是基于互联网的，中国的互联网普及率和基础设施比较领先，为区块链发展提供了良好的基础;
- 区块链技术未来会广泛应用在几乎所有信息化业务系统中，通过大力发展区块链，真正靠创新来建设中国主导的世界级的基础设施、技术标准和应用。
区块链分为公有链和许可链，二者底层技术逻辑相似，但是工作原理相差巨大。
Block chains are divided into public chains and licensing chains, the underlying technical logic of which is similar, but the working principles vary considerably.
目前全世界公有链的应用全部都是虚拟币(如：比特币)，无一例外，可默认公有链≈虚拟币。在中国，虚拟币不符合金融监管要求(即使是无币公有链也不符合)，公有链中国主要发展追踪技术，协助发现犯罪记录。
Currently, all public chains around the world are used in virtual currency (e.g. bitcoin), without exception, by default in public chain & asymp; virtual currency. In China, virtual currency does not meet financial regulatory requirements (even in non-monetary public chain), and the public chain is mainly developing tracking technology to help detect criminal records.
①公有链：
1 public chain:
- 对所有人开放，所有交易透明可追溯，任何人都能加入并匿名发布信息，匿名、去中心化等都是公有链的特点
- 完全分布式，维持成本高，依赖于内建激励
- 安全由共识机制和加密算法保证
- 保存的数据越有价值，越要审视其安全性、交易成本和系统扩展性
应用：比特币、以太坊等虚拟数字货币;每秒3-30次数据写入，效率偏低，除少数金融业务外，公有链很难在企业级需求上进行应用，因为：公有链用户众多，效率低下;(举例：搜索一个比特币，返回结果需要至少20分钟，无法满足企业业务响应需求)一旦应用到企业上，内部运转逻辑就很难调整，不符合企业灵活多变的商业环境。
Applications: Virtual digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Etheria and others; 3-30 data per second written and inefficient; public chains, with the exception of a few financial operations, are difficult to apply at the enterprise level because of the large number of public chain users and inefficiency; for example, searching for a bitcoin takes at least 20 minutes to return to a business response; once applied to an enterprise, internal operating logic is difficult to adjust and is inconsistent with a business environment that is flexible and volatile.
②私有链：
- 使用范围限于一个公司范围类数据，访问受限，提供更好的隐私保护
- 交易速度快，成本低
- 利用区块链的不可篡改性，防止篡改数据
- 改善可审计性，不完全解决信任问题
- 每秒1000次以上数据写入
应用：公证、特定机构的内部数据管理与审计。
Application: Notarized, agency-specific internal data management and audit.
③联盟链：
- 授权公司和组织才能加入网络，做到很好的节点间的连接
- 参与共识，写入和查询数据通过授权控制，满足监管需求
- 低成本维持运行、交易处理速度快、成本低、有很好的扩展性
- 开发者在共识下可更改协议和修改数据
- 每秒1000次以上数据写入
应用：R3、超级账本、Ripple等金融领域交易。
Application: transactions in financial areas such as R3, superbooks, Ripple, etc.
- 共享账本：可以在多个站点、不同地理位置或者多个机构组成的网络里进行分享的数据库，区块链网络中每个节点都有相同的账本;
- 隐私安全：加密算法、哈希算法、非对称加密算法、P2P通信网络、高冗余存储等;
- 智能合约：自动执行合约条款的计算机程序;
- 基于公钥体系加解密、签名和验证机制，数字证书;
- 共识机制——主要有四种：比特币使用POW，以太坊使用POS，比特股使用DPOS，验证池(后续介绍公有链的板块中，会有详细的共识机制介绍)。
新产生的交易需求，广播到所有节点;
Newly generated demand for transactions, broadcast to all nodes;
- 每个节点把该笔交易收集到一个区块中，将账户地址、交易信息等进行hash打包，同时遍历hash值(详见PoW / PoS机制);
- 当某节点得出的hash与系统要求匹配时，该节点将获得这一轮的记账权，并将它生成的区块广播到所有节点;
- 全网节点对该hash和区块内容进行验证，当该区块包含的交易验证有效后，所有节点接受该区块;
- 节点开始创建新区块，并将刚刚接受区块的哈希散列添加进去，形成链。
针对以上过程，大家肯定有很多很多的疑问，看不懂不要紧，下面我们将为大家一一解答。
There must be a lot of questions about that process, and it doesn't matter, and we will answer them one at a time.
Q1：交易数据进行hash打包需要消耗计算机资源，各节点为什么还要参与记账?
Q1: Why are the nodes involved in bookkeeping when computer resources are consumed when the transaction data are packaged?
在比特币系统里，抢到记账权的节点获得发布新区块的权力，同时获得系统提供的比特币奖励，这个奖励其实也就是比特币的发行过程。
In the Bitcoin system, the node that takes the right to account is given the power to issue the new blocks, while at the same time receiving the Bitcoin incentive provided by the system, which is in fact the process of issuing the bitcoin.
Q2：hash算法的运行机制?
Q2: running mechanism of the Hash algorithm?
Hash算法的特点：在给定算法的情况下，从明文很容易算出hash值，反之几乎不可能从hash算出明文。
Features of the Hash algorithm: In the case of a given algorithm, it is easy to calculate the hash value from the express, whereas it is almost impossible to calculate the express from the hash.
计算机生成一个随机变量(明文)计算出一个hash值，通过不断生成随机变量，获得不同的hash，不停地尝试直到产生的hash值满足“以n个0开头”的条件。
The computer produces a random variable (expressly) to calculate a hash value, obtains different hash by constantly generating a random variable, constantly trying to meet & ldquao; conditions at the beginning of n & rdquao;
现在的电脑要得到一个四个0开头的hash值，通常需要一两分钟的时间，由于现在参与挖矿的计算机非常多，算力很大，所以现在的挖矿难度，是以18个0开头，率先满足这个条件的节点，就可以表明该节点为网络提供了巨大的算力，获得唯一的记账权。
Now that the computer has to get a four-zero-start hash value, which usually takes one or two minutes, and given the large number of computers involved in mining and their great numeracy, the difficulty of mining now is to start with 18 zero nodes, which are the first to meet this condition, thus demonstrating that the node provides the network with a great deal of arithmetic and the only rights to account.
Q3：节点如何获得记账权?
Q3: How do nodes get rights?
当前主流的是两种方案PoW(Prove of Work)和PoS(Prove of Stake)。
The two programmes currently in the mainstream are the PoW (Prove of Work) and the PoS (Prove of Stock).
①PoW：工作量证明(比特币使用的机制)
1PoW: Workload Certification (Mechanism used in Bitcoin)
大家进行算力竞赛，设置一个计算hash的难题，谁先算出来谁赢，算力高的节点赢的概率更高，以这样的方式保证胜出者是随机的，且获胜节点确实提供了大量算力。投入的算力能够体现在哈希值上，恶意节点只能通过提升自己的算力来增加攻击成功的概率。
There is a question about calculating the hash, who first calculates who wins, and the higher probability of winning a high-caliber node, in such a way as to ensure that the winner is random and that the winning node does provide a great deal of money. The input is reflected in the Hashi value, and the malignant node can only increase the probability of success by increasing its own.
PoW机制通过增加攻击成本来减少恶意攻击。
The PoW mechanism reduces malicious attacks by increasing the cost of attacks.
②PoS：股权证明机制
选举，大家不用浪费电力去进行算力竞赛，根据用户持有货币的多少和时间(币龄)，以发放利息的方案来“选举”产生记账节点。
Elections, in which you do not waste electricity to run arithmetic competition, are based on the amount and time of the currency held by the user (the age of the currency) in order to provide an interest programme & ldquo; elections & rdquo; and the generation of account nodes.
恶意节点只能通过增加自己的份额，增加自己被选中的概率，从而增加双花攻击的成功概率。要实现攻击，先得成为持币大户，如果攻击成功币价大跌，攻击者也会承受最大的损失，从机制层面绑定攻击者的利益，降低系统受攻击风险。
A malicious node can only increase the probability of a double flower attack by increasing its share and increasing its chances of being selected. To achieve an attack, it must first become a large banker, and if the price of a successful attack falls, the attacker will bear the greatest loss, binding the interests of the attacker at the institutional level and reducing the risk of a system being attacked.
Q4：什么是“挖矿”?
Q4: What's
在比特币区块链中，所有参与节点输出算力遍历hash值的过程，通常被称为“挖矿”。(输出算力越大，获得比特币奖励的概率越大)各参与节点在遍历hash的过程中也在不断地验证其他节点的交易信息，为区块链网络的运行贡献算力。
In the Bitcoin block chain, all the participating node output algorithms run through the hash values, often referred to as &ldquao; mining & rdquao; and (the more efficient the output algorithm, the greater the probability of receiving a bitcoin reward) participating nodes are also continuously validating transactional information from other nodes as they travel through hash, contributing to the operation of the block chain network.
Q5：PoW和PoS优缺点?
Q5: Pow and PoS pros and cons?
①PoW优点：
机制本身很复杂，比如：挖矿难度自动调整、区块奖励逐步减半等，这些因素都是基于经济学原理，能吸引和鼓励更多人参与;
The mechanisms themselves are complex, such as the automatic adjustment of the difficulty of mining and the phasing out of block incentives, which are based on economic principles and can attract and encourage greater participation;
越先参与越容易获得比特币奖励，会促使加密货币的初始阶段发展迅速，节点网络迅速扩大;
The easier it is to obtain bitcoin incentives with greater participation, which can lead to the rapid development of the initial stages of encrypting currency and the rapid expansion of the network of nodes;
通过“挖矿”的方式发行新币，把比特币分散给个人，实现了相对公平。
Relative fairness was achieved by distributing new currency in the form of “ mining & & rdquao; and spreading bitcoin to individuals.
②PoW缺点：
2PoW Shortcomings:
算力是计算机硬件(Cpu、Gpu等)提供的，要耗费大量电力，与人类追求节能、清洁、环保的理念相悖。不过，如果非要给“加密货币”找寻“货币价值”的意义，那么这个方面，应该是最有力的证据;
Arithmetic is provided by computer hardware (Cpu, Gpu, etc.), which consumes a great deal of electricity and is contrary to the human quest for energy efficiency, cleanness, and environmental protection. However, if it is necessary to give &ldquao; encrypted currency & & rdquao; search & & ldquao; monetary value & & rdquao; the meaning of this should be the strongest evidence;
时至今日，算力的提供已经不再是单纯的CPU了，而是逐步发展到GPU、FPGA，乃至ASIC矿机。用户也从个人挖矿发展到大的矿池、矿场，算力集中越来越明显。这与去中心化的方向背道而驰，渐行渐远，网络的安全逐渐受到威胁。有证据证明Ghash(一个矿池)就曾经对赌博网站实施了双花攻击(一笔钱花两次);
To date, the provision of computing power is no longer a mere CPU, but has evolved to GPU, FPGA, or even ASIC machines. Users have also moved from individual mining to large ponds and mines, and the concentration of computing power has become increasingly apparent. This is contrary to decentralizing, moving away, and the security of the network has been threatened. There is evidence that Ghash (a pond) has launched double-poll attacks on gambling sites (two times for money);
比特币奖励每隔4年产量减半，当挖矿的成本高于收益时，矿工的积极性降低，会有大量算力退出，比特币网络的安全性进一步堪忧。
The Bitcoin incentive is to halve production every four years, and when mining costs are higher than revenues, less incentive for miners can lead to a significant exit from the calculations and further insecurity in the Bitcoin network.
③PoS优点：
3PoS Advantage:
节能。不用挖矿，不需要大量耗费电力和能源;
Energy savings. No mining, no high consumption of electricity and energy;
更去中心化。PoS机制的加密货币对计算机硬件基本上没有过高要求，人人可挖矿(获得利息)，不用担心算力集中导致中心化的出现(单用户通过购买获得51%的货币量，成本更高)，网络更加安全有保障;
(a) More centralization. The encrypted currency of the PoS mechanism is basically not overly demanding on computer hardware, and everyone can mine (at interest), without fear of centralization (51% of the money is acquired by single users through purchase), and the network is more secure and secure;
避免紧缩。PoW机制的加密货币，因为用户丢失等各种原因，可能导致通货紧缩，但是PoS机制的加密货币按一定的年利率新增货币，可以有效避免紧缩出现，保持基本稳定。
Avoid austerity. The crypto-currency of the PoW mechanism, which could lead to deflation for various reasons, such as the loss of users, can effectively avoid austerity and maintain basic stability by adding a new currency at a given annual interest rate.
④PoS缺点：
4PoS Shortcomings:
纯PoS机制的加密货币，容易导致“少数人”(通常是开发者)获得大量成本极低的加密货币，在利益面前，很难保证他们不会大量抛售;
(a) The encrypt currency of the Pure PoS mechanism, which can easily lead to “ the minority & rdquao (usually developers) acquiring a large amount of very low-cost encrypt currency, and it is difficult to guarantee that they will not sell it in large quantities in the face of the benefits;
PoS机制的信用基础不够牢固。为解决这个问题，很多采用PoW+PoS的双重机制，通过PoW挖矿发行加密货币，使用PoS维护网络稳定。或者采用DPoS机制，通过社区选举的方式，增强信任。
To address this problem, many use the two-tier PoW+PoS mechanism, which distributes encrypted currency through PoW mining, and uses PoS to maintain network stability. Or the DPOS mechanism, which enhances trust through community elections.
Q6：为什么很多国家要禁止比特币等虚拟货币?
Q6: Why do many countries ban virtual currency such as Bitcoin?
以中国为例。我国是外汇管制国家，比特币的网络匿名交易可以完美绕开央行的外汇防线，使得外汇管制这一政策形同虚设;并且比特币为国内强监管地带的洗钱交易提供极大的便利，极大的威胁了我国央行外汇政策和监管政策;随着我国加入SDR后，我国人民币国际化战略开始全力推进，人民币国际化本质是一个区域中心化货币战略，而比特币的去中心化的这一特点，和我国的人民币国际化战略正好背道而驰，这种强烈货币属性的碰撞，使得我国央行权衡再三后不得不对比特币采取“极刑”。另外，对于世界上绝大多数国家而言，货币的印制和发行普遍被掌握在国家手里，这被称为铸币权。在宏观经济中，有一个概念叫做“铸币税(Seigniorage Revenue)”，即：货币铸造成本低于其面值而产生的差额。在纸币时代，政府印制钞票的成本几乎可以忽略不计，同时政府拥有印制货币的垄断权，因此能够获得全部的铸币税。
In China, for example, we are a foreign exchange control country, where anonymous transactions on the Bitcoin network can best bypass the central bank’s foreign exchange defense, making the policy of foreign exchange control ineffective; and where the Bitcoin greatly facilitates money-laundering transactions in the country’s heavily regulated areas, threatening our central bank’s foreign exchange policy and regulatory policy. With our accession to the SDR, the internationalization of the currency of our people began to be fully pursued. In macroeconomic terms, there is a concept called & ldquo; the collapse of the currency’s decentralization strategy, a collision of such strong monetary attributes, which has forced the central bank to adopt & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, where currency is less than its face value, where the cost of currency production is virtually ignored by the government.
以美国政府为例。在过去十年中，美联储每年超印了千亿级美元的货币供给，用几乎毫无印刷成本的美元，换取了大量了资产、商品和服务。要想让政府放弃这笔收入，和比特币这样的虚拟货币“分一杯羹”，这简直让人不可想象。事实上，任何政府都没有理由让这样的情形发生。
For example, in the last decade, the Fed has overprinted hundreds of billions of dollars a year in monetary supply in exchange for a large amount of assets, goods, and services in dollars with little printing cost. To get the government to give up this revenue, and a virtual currency like Bitcoin & ldquao; a piece of & rdquao; this is inconceivable.
Q7：分叉问题如何解决?
Q7: How do you solve the problem of splits?
分叉问题：同一时间段内全网不止一个节点能计算出满足要求的hash，即会有多个节点在网络中广播它们各自打包好的临时区块(都是合法的)。
Question of the fork: More than one node across the network during the same time period can calculate the hash that meets the requirement, i.e., multiple nodes will broadcast on the network the temporary blocks (all legal) they have packed.
若收到多个针对同一前续区块的临时区块，则该节点会在本地区块链上建立分支，多个临时区块对应多个分支。该僵局的打破要等到下一个hash被发现，而其中的一条链条被证实为是较长的一条，那么在另一条分支链上工作的节点将转换阵营，开始在较长的链条上工作，其他分支将会被网络彻底抛弃。
If a number of temporary blocks are received for the same former block, the node will establish branches on the chain of the area, and several temporary blocks will correspond to multiple branches. The impasse will be broken until the next hash is discovered, and one of the chains is confirmed to be a long one, then the nodes working on the other branch chain will be converted to a camp, starting to work on the long chain, and the other branches will be completely abandoned by the network.
Q8：双花问题如何解决?
Q8: How do you solve the double flower problem?
双花问题：即二重支付，指攻击者几乎同时将同一笔钱用作不同交易。
The problem of double-coloured payments means that the attackers almost simultaneously use the same amount of money for different transactions.
解决方案：每当节点在把新收到的交易单加入区块之前，会顺着交易的发起方的公钥向前遍历检查，直到该币的最初诞生点(即产生它的那块区块源)。由于每笔交易单被加入区块时必定按时间呈现一定的顺序。区块之间以Hash值作为时间戳，这决定了任意一笔交易资金来源都可以被确定的回溯。
Solution: Whenever node is added to a block, it follows the public key of the sponsor of the transaction until the initial point of birth of the coin (the source of the block from which it is generated). Since each transaction sheet is added to the block in a certain chronological order. The area is time stamped with a Hash value, which determines the source of any transaction that can be traced back.
①比特币总量：2100万个。区块链诞生之初，每10分钟产生一个区块，每个区块奖励50枚比特币，之后每隔4年减半，目前每一个区块奖励6.25枚比特币;基于上述机制，比特币前4年一共产生1050万个比特币，第二个4年产生525万枚，依次往后，算出比特币的总数量为2100万个。
One bitcoin: 21 million. At the beginning of the block chain, a block is created every 10 minutes, each block is rewarded with 50 bitcoins, then halved every four years, and now each block is rewarded with 6.25 bitcoins; on the basis of the above-mentioned mechanism, a total of 10.5 million bitcoins were generated in the first four years of Bitcoins and 5.25 million in the second four years, after which the total number of bitcoins was calculated at 21 million.
②比特币网络平均每十分钟打包一个区块，每个区块上限为1M，如果这个区块被填满，该时段内的多出来的交易信息只能等下一个区块。由于交易频率不固定，所以比特币的区块大小不同。
The 2bitcoin network packs a block every 10 minutes, each block with a ceiling of 1M. If the block is filled, the additional transaction information within that time period will only wait for the next block. Bitcoin’s block size is different because the frequency of the transaction is not fixed.
③矿工的收益：
3 Miner's Proceeds:
- 发布新区块的奖励(上述)
- 交易手续费收入：手续费收入来自转账的用户，用户每转账一次，需支付一定的比特币作为手续费。传统金融领域，手续费支付给银行，比特币系统中，手续费支付给矿工;
- 比特币网络手续费可以自行设置，拥堵时可上调手续费，矿工会优先打包手续费高的交易。
私有链：由个人或组织经营、管理和控制的许可链，可理解为私有化部署的联盟链。
Private chains: licensing chains operated, managed and controlled by individuals or organizations can be understood as a chain of alliances deployed through privatization.
联盟链：通过点对点传输和加密技术的共享记账法架构，可以服务工业和企业级应用，可以对传统信息化系统进行优化，本质是一个实时的共享数据库。
Alliance chains: Through a shared accounting structure of point-to-point transmission and encryption technologies, it can serve industrial and enterprise-level applications, optimize traditional information systems and, in essence, a real-time shared database.
区块链上升到国家战略层面的，专指联盟链。
The block chain rises to the national strategic level and refers specifically to the coalition chain.
联盟链主要适用于多方合作的共享业务，如果一家公司的业务仅对内(不对外)，那么区块链实质上对这家公司就没有太大意义。
The chain of alliances applies primarily to multi-participating shared business, and if a company operates only internally (and not externally), the chain of blocks is essentially of little significance to the company.
※ 彩蛋：使用区块链技术的是信息化应用系统，C端用户基本是无感知的。如同云服务和互联网后台一样，区块链服务网络的直接用户就是技术公司和开发者;互联网诞生的历史背景：冷战期间，美国为了防止数据被拦截，希望通过P2P的形式将数据传输给对端，由此诞生了互联网技术。互联网发展至今已经完成且远超了历史赋予的使命。
• Eggs: Block chain technology is used by information-based applications, and C end users are largely unconscious. As with cloud services and the Internet backstage, the direct users of block chain service networks are technology companies and developers; the historical background of the birth of the Internet: during the Cold War, the United States, in order to prevent data from being intercepted, wanted to transmit data to the opposite side in the form of P2P, thereby giving birth to Internet technology. Internet development has so far been completed and far beyond what history has given it.
通过TCP/IP协议将所有数据中心连接起来而形成。区块链服务网络BSN：通过区块链运行环境协议将所有数据中心连接起来形成(BSN类似互联网，是一个无主的支持多门户的基础设施)。
All data centres are connected through the TCP/IP protocol. The block chain service network BSN: Operating the environment protocol through the block chain connects all data centres (BSN-like Internet, an orphan-supported multi-portal infrastructure).
①由多个数据中心共串联形成业务线，极大降低数据的传输和运营成本。
1 A combination of multiple data centres forms the line of operations, significantly reducing the transmission and operating costs of data.
②技术缺陷：
2 Technical Deficiencies:
- 可靠性低：中间一个系统宕机，整条业务线都得掉线;
- 对接成本高：各系统的数据库是自定义的，数据和结构存在差异，两两数据系统都要进行接口开发，定制化程度高，无法应用在其他业务线上;
- 对账成本高：1不能直接把数据给4，4也没办法保证2和3没有进行违规操作，中间出现大量对账要求，成本高且存在造假风险。
- 共享账本：联盟链的共享账本有一个统一格式的数据库，数据标准各系统保持一致;
- 数据可靠性：共享账本不允许删除和篡改历史记录，用户可以在获得所有节点授权的情况下修改数据，但是改动会被记录下来，任何发生的变更，参与该业务的所有节点都可以知道;
- 实时同步：所有系统间的数据实时更新，减少时间差的漏洞。
- 优化对账流程：把对账成本降为0(全球每年对账市场近千亿美金);
- 减少接口成本：无需开发定制化接口，所有系统使用同一套数据库和数据结构;
- 确保数据真实：无法篡改数据，修改后会留下记录，确保数据可信;
- 提升容错能力：在并联关系中，即使多系统宕机，只要剩下的一个在链上仍可发生交互，链上的业务就不会停止。等宕机系统恢复了以后，系统将自动同步数据，不会出现账本的错误，系统可靠性极大增强;
- 便于数据获取：数据实时在各方之间同步，任意一方获取数据无需等待，也无需征得其他方的主观同意;
- 取消中间环节：同样的业务省去了2、3中间方，加快业务效率;
- 扩大监管范围：在系统中设立一个监管节点即可监管所有参与该系统的所有节点。
区块链体系类似成语接龙游戏，即后一个词的第一个字，是上一个词的末尾字。对应到区块链中，如下：
The block chain system is similar to a word-and-spoke game, the first word of the last word being the last word of the last word. It corresponds to the block chain, as follows:
后一个区块的区块头沿用的前一个区块计算出的结果(跟内容、时间戳、hash计算挂钩)，一旦修改A区块内容，A生成的区块头就会变化，很容易从B的区块头发现，A有过修改记录;
(a) The result of the calculation (linked to content, time stamp, hash calculation) of the first block that follows the head of the latter block, once the contents of block A have been modified, the head of block A will change and it will be easy to discover from the head of block B that A has a record of the change;
所以为了达到篡改目的，必须对A区块及后面所有区块都进行重新计算，为了保证造假的可信度，还需要保持B的hash与A的原hash一致，基于hash几乎不可逆向计算的特点，对后续区块的修改几乎不可能完成。
Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of the alteration, it is necessary to recalculate block A and all subsequent blocks, and in order to guarantee the credibility of the forgery, it is also necessary to maintain the consistency of the hash of B with the original hash of A, and the modification of the subsequent block is almost impossible to complete on the basis of the features of the near-reversible hash calculation.
一个区块链/联盟链系统中，至少有3-4个节点，每个节点保有一份账本副本，其中一个节点修改账本是无效的，会立即被其他节点识别并发现修改记录;除非所有节点都同意并确认修改，这种做法一般是官方层面的行为。即便这么做，也会在时间戳、hash等相关信息上留下记录。
In a block/association chain system, there are at least three to four nodes in which each node maintains a copy of the account book, one of which is invalid and will be immediately identified by the other nodes and identified as modifying the record; unless all nodes agree to and confirm the change, this is generally an official act. Even so, records are kept on information such as the time stamp, the hash, etc.
根因：行业内缺乏公认的区块链底层公用基础设施，搭建联盟链的成本高。
Root causes: Lack of a recognized infrastructure for the bottom of the block chain within the industry, and high cost of building a coalition chain.
分析：联盟链的每个应用和每条链是完全独立的环境，参与的每一方都要建立单独的运营环境，都要买服务器或者云资源。如果1个公司参加10个联盟链应用，原则上是需要买10次云服务的，而且其中99%的云服务资源是闲置的。最后，大家是在高投资的情况下，浪费着资源。因此，当前联盟链技术发展遇到了一定的阻碍。
Analysis: Each application and each chain of the union chain is a fully independent environment, with each of the parties involved creating a separate operating environment, buying servers or cloud resources. If a company is involved in 10 chain applications, in principle, 10 cloud services are required, and 99% of the cloud service resources are idle. Finally, resources are wasted under high investment.
问题汇总：①成链成本高昂：2019年中国只有阿里、腾讯、华为能提供区块链云服务，最低配置的4点系统环链，需要10W/年;区块链架构师、技术人才紧缺;②底层平台异构：部分系统开发使用的操作系统不一样，导致无法互通;③系统资源闲置：同一家公司参与多个联盟链应用的时候，不同应用之间的资源不能共享共用，导致大量资源重复建设、闲置，造成浪费;④有效监管困难：不同系统在不同云资源环境下运行，难以进行有效监管。
In 2019, only Ali, Tetsu and Hua were able to provide block-chain cloud services, with a minimum set of four-point system rings, requiring 10W/year; block-chain architects and technologists were in short supply; bottom platform isomers: some systems were developed with different operating systems that made interconnectivity impossible; system resources were idle: when the same company was involved in multiple chain applications, resources were not shared between different applications, resulting in substantial duplication of resources, idleness and waste; and effective regulatory difficulties: different systems operated in different cloud resources environments, making effective regulation difficult.
结论：行业内急需建立一个各方认可的公共基础设施，即BSN(Blockchain-based Service Network)。
Conclusion: There is an urgent need for an all-inclusive public infrastructure, the BSN (Blockchain-based Service Network).
※ 彩蛋：92-93年搭建一个网站成本约100W美金，90年代末，同样的一个网站成本几乎为0，开网站成本的极大降低才有了后来互联网的爆发式发展。现在搭一条联盟链，类似一个局域网。互联网早期，大家也都是搭建局域网，两个局域网之间想发一封信息需要开通互联网专线，90年代拉一根专线成本将近100万美金。所以，只有把成本降到最低，一个技术才能蓬勃发展。区块链服务网络从设计、建设、运营都是在持续降低成本。只有搭建公共服务区块链网络，才能在应用阶段降低系统组建成本，推广架构的使用。
• Eggs: The cost of setting up a website in 92-93 was approximately $100-W. In the late 1990s, the same site cost was almost zero, and the cost of running a site was significantly reduced before the outbreak of the Internet. Now, a network, like a local area network, was established. Early on the Internet, everyone built a local area network, and one message between the two local area networks required a dedicated Internet line. The cost of pulling a dedicated line in the 1990s was nearly $1 million.
作为一家技术底蕴雄厚，承担着国家公共服务职能的公司，中国移动公司在区块链大潮中扮演的什么角色呢?
What is the role of mobile Chinese companies in the wave of block chains as a highly skilled company with State public service functions?
区块链服务网络BSN(Blockchain-based Service Network)：由各方所有的云资源，安装了城市节点软件连在一起而形成的，旨在提供一个可以低成本开发、部署、运维、互通和监管联盟链应用的公共基础设施网络。区块链应用开发者不需要再购买物理服务器或者云服务来搭建自己的区块链运行环境，而是使用BSN提供的公共服务，按需租用共享资源。
Block Chain Service Network BSN (Blockchain-based Service Network): A network of public infrastructure that can be developed, deployed, operated, interoperable, and regulated by a chain of alliances, designed to provide a network of public infrastructure that can be used for low-cost development, deployment, wiring, and regulation, has been installed by a network of cloud resources owned by all parties. Block Chain developers do not need to purchase physical servers or cloud services to set up their own block chain operating environments, but rather use the public services provided by BSN to rent shared resources on demand.
类比：住户用水场景。阿里、腾讯等厂家主推区块链云服务，即给客户打水井，根据用户需求来调整井的直径和深度(云资源)，进而调整供水量。中国移动主推BSN则是建一个自来水厂，用户按需打开水龙头，这样做便于公共资源管理，降低用水成本，保障运行环境的稳定可靠。问题在于前期投入巨大，随着用户数量上升，单个用户的成本会极大降低。
The problem is that, as the number of users increases, the costs for individual users will be significantly reduced.
由国家信息中心牵头，会同中国移动、中国银联等单位联合建立。BSN是基于区块链技术和共识机制的全球性基础设施网络，是面向工业、企业、政府应用的可信、可控、可扩展的联盟链，致力于改变联盟链应用的局域网架构高成本问题，以互联网理念为开发者提供公共区块链资源环境，极大降低区块链应用的开发、部署、运维、互通和监管成本，从而使区块链技术得到快速普及和发展。
The BSN is a global infrastructure network based on block-chain technology and consensus mechanisms. It is a credible, manageable and scalable coalition of industry, enterprise, government applications, committed to changing the high cost of the local area network architecture applied in the alliance chain, providing developers with a public block-chain resource environment based on Internet concepts, and significantly reducing the development, deployment, transmission, interconnection and regulatory costs of block-chain applications, thereby enabling rapid diffusion and development of block-chain technologies.
BSN发展联盟的六家单位：发展联盟负责管理和运营BSN。
The six units of the BSN Development Alliance: the Alliance for Development manages and operates the BSN.
- 部署在每个城市的公共区块链环境系统，整个BSN主要由城市节点连接而成;
- 区块链应用部署在发布者选择的N个城市节点内(当前超过60个节点，数据交互效率就会降低，后续随着算法和技术的进步，支持的节点数量会得到提升);
- 记账节点是一个数据库，外面有自己的业务系统，业务系统通过网关与链上数据交互;
- 城市节点主要部署的业务系统：智能网关、权限链、底层多框架、共识机制、基础能力、负载均衡等;
- 记账节点+排序节点组合，开发者不需要自行搭建记账节点或关注共识排序机制，直接在BSN上选择所需的资源和发布应用，BSN会根据应用的TPS分配资源。
概念：联盟链应用的数据处理中枢，在服务网络内为所有应用提供共识排序服务的公共系统，对并发数和数据处理效率有很高要求。
Concept: The data-processing hub of the coalition chain application, the public system that provides a consensus sequencing service for all applications within the service network, is highly demanding for co-production and data-processing efficiency.
三种类型的集群架构：在研发测试阶段用的单一中心化集群，使用的Kafka技术;城市节点达到50~100个时，根据城市节点数和应用数，采取并行中心化集群，由多个Kafka并联支持不同的应用和不同的城市节点;商用后使用分布式城市节点集群，采用ROFT技术将每一个排序集群部署到每一个城市节点上，从效率和公网资源占用上，表现都非常好。
Three types of cluster structures: a single central cluster for use in the R&D testing phase, the Kafka technology used; a parallel cluster, based on the number and application of urban nodes, with multiple Kafka combined to support different applications and different urban nodes when the urban nodes reach 50~100; and a post-commercial use of distributed urban node clusters, using ROFT techniques to deploy each sorting cluster to each city node, with excellent performance in terms of efficiency and the occupancy of public network resources.
门户网站已经正式上线并开启内测，与其他云服务一样，开发者可以选用资源和设置自己的应用权限。
The portal is officially on-line and in-house, and, like other cloud services, developers can select resources and set their own application privileges.
门户提供的服务：开发者购买资源部署应用、应用商店、应用运行监控、各类语言SDK、预置链码商店、联盟链/私有链管理、技术支持、帮助手册、学习实例。
Services provided by the portal: Developers purchase resource deployment applications, application stores, application operations monitoring, various language SDKs, pre-link shops, coalition/private chain management, technical support, help manuals, learning examples.
服务网络是大量物理分散的云资源和数据中心，所以资源调配、节点运营、节点记账、集群的重新分配和数据的迁移(区块链的数据迁移非常复杂)，都需要基础能力管理的核心功能;核心系统全部开源，不仅是六家发起方去经营和部署，而是整个社会的所有云资源和技术公司都加入进来。
The service network is a vast physically dispersed cloud resource and data centre, so resource allocation, node operation, node booking, cluster redistribution and data migration (the data migration of block chains is complex) require core functions of basic capacity management; all core systems are open-sourced, not only by the six sponsors, but by all cloud resources and technology companies of society as a whole.
联盟链框架：由各BSN提供商负责，当于联盟链应用的操作系统。
Union chain framework: responsibility for the operational systems used in the alliance chain is vested in BSN providers.
BSN施行多底层框架策略，中国移动支持目前国内大多数主流联盟链框架，目前已经适配或正在适配中的框架见上图。
BSN has a multi-bottom framework strategy, and China's mobile support for most of the current mainstream union chain frameworks in the country is shown in the figure above.
适配：不同系统底层之间建立一套协议，不同的操作系统经过授权可以实现互联互通。
Fitness: A set of protocols is established at the bottom of the different systems, and the different operating systems are authorized to achieve connectivity.
和区块链云服务的经营理念不同，云服务作为一种商业资源，是基于客户的需求提供IaaS、PaaS、SaaS、开发组件等层面的服务，并按需收取费用。
Unlike the concept of operation of block-link cloud services, cloud services, as a commercial resource, provide services at the level of Iaas, PaaS, SaaS, development components, etc., based on the needs of clients and charge fees as required.
BSN的理念是要搭建类似互联网的公共服务网络，提供免费、开源的城市节点软件，优化开发/部署/运维的灵活性，优化网络效率，降低开发者使用成本，让更多的开发者参与进来，提供更多应用创新，把区块链技术发展起来。
The concept of BSN is to build Internet-like public service networks, provide free, open-source urban node software, optimize development/deployment/viability flexibility, optimize network efficiency, reduce user costs, engage more developers, provide more application innovations and develop block-link technologies.
- 无主：由各方所有的云资源，安装了城市节点软件串在一起而形成的网络，跟互联网一样，BSN不属于任何人;
- 开放：任何拥有闲置云资源和IDC机房资源的企事业单位都可以申请加入;
- 共赢：降低开发者的使用成本，帮云厂商盘活闲置的云资源，多方获利。
- 大幅降低了区块链开发、部署、运维、互通和监管成本，促进区块链技术快速发展;
- 在全球部署，是一张中国拥有自主知识产权、中国控制入网权的全球化服务网络;
- 是中国发展数字经济、智慧城市的的核心基础设施之一;
- 是互联网价值转型与能力升级的基础;
- 可以作为国家全球经济战略(包括一带一路)的信息化基建设施。
当前全球各国对区块链技术的发展方向各有论调，但是总体态度都是积极拥抱新技术，主动探索应用前景。其中走的比较靠前的为中、美、欧。中国鼓励区块链进行科技创新，央行牵头互联网金融协会，开展针对区块链的研究和试用;美国主要是巨头企业布局，但是政府政策不明晰对其影响比较大;欧洲各国在积极探索区块链应用，如瑞士用区块链管理土地所有权、爱沙尼亚用区块链辅助收税系统和商业注册系统、英国希望借助区块链提升公共服务效率等。
China encourages technological innovation in block chains, with central banks leading the Internet Finance Association (IFA) conducting research and testing on block chains; the United States is predominantly a giant business arrangement, but government policies have a greater impact on them; European countries actively explore block chain applications, such as the management of land ownership in Switzerland with block chains, Estonia’s use of block chains to support tax collection and commercial registration systems, and the United Kingdom’s desire to use block chains to enhance public service efficiency.
区块链的发展，第一阶段是以公有链为主的数字货币阶段。当下正处于以联盟链架构为技术主体的第二阶段，主要通过智能合约，在金融、医疗、政务、冷链等多个应用场景下实现价值信号传递。未来，区块链会进一步成长为数字经济基础设施，并同云计算、大数据、人工智能等新兴技术交叉演进，重构数字经济发展生态，促进价值互联网与实体经济的深度融合，为全球经济发展注入新的动力。
In the future, the block chain will grow further into a digital economic infrastructure, and will evolve in tandem with emerging technologies such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, reshaping the digital-economic development ecology, and promoting the deep integration of the value Internet with the real economy by means of smart contracts.
【本文为51CTO专栏作者“移动Labs”原创稿件，转载请联系原作者】
[Done with 51 CTO columnist & ldquao; move Labs&rdquao; original text reproduced with original author]
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