区块链技术有什么特点

一致性问题

Coherence issues

　　一致性问题是分布式存储系统一个比较难解决的问题，通常这一个环节起容灾备份功能，同步操作大多放在“闲时”，是一种后台操作。区块链采用“前置”的同步操作，当一个块生成，块链的更新需要所有副本完成内容一致的复制。如果内容存储在块内，那么更新的数据量为更新的内容乘以副本的数量，再加上副本间的传输距离和带宽，整个操作是耗时的，整体的效率体现在系统中最长的同步时间，如图。

The issue of consistency is a more difficult issue for distributed storage systems, which usually have a disaster-resistant backup function, and synchronizing operations are mostly in “freetime” and a back-office operation. The block chain is synchronized with “prior” operations, and when a block is generated, the chain update requires that all copies be copied consistently. If content is stored in a block, the amount of updated data is multiplied by the number of copies, combined with the transmission distance and bandwidth between copies, the whole operation is time-consuming, and the overall efficiency is reflected in the system's longest sync times, such as graphs.

　因此采用这种方式，将影响对高频应用的响应，例如诸多的交易场景。所以解决一致性问题的办法一是控制更新内容的大小，二是限定副本的数量。比特币系统的实现是采用前者，私有链是应用了后者。

This approach will therefore affect the response to high-frequency applications, such as numerous trading scenarios. So the solution to the consistency problem is to control the size of the update and to limit the number of copies. The Bitcoin system is implemented using the former and the private chain applying the latter.

降维哈希问题

The Vihashi issue.

　　一致性问题的确是区块链技术未来真正应用的关键，如何降“魔”?梅万妮?斯万给出了他的思路，如果同步的数据量仅仅是64位或者是128位的数字串列，那么一致性起码是可控的。在此模式下，区块链服务的任何数字资产(例如文件、图片、视频录像、监控记录、软件等)数据最终不需要存放在区块链上，更新的内容只是对应的数列。因此如何降维是这一模式下的问题所在，共识的内容是自然语义。当自然语义过渡到程序识别的数字表达，多维的自然语义和元数据需要完成一对一的关系映射，这一过程需要对信息进行降维，其中会用到哈希、编码等技术。例如一个9G的基因组文件，就需要降维为1维的二进制数列来平衡区块链同步前置的负外部性，最终使智能合约的执行算法能够以此甄别对象的“真伪”。需要提醒的一点是梅万妮?斯万这种方式哈希过程不是地址(地址是数字资产数据的存储地址，例如指基因组文件的存放地址。要区别比特币中的哈希地址，其实质是明确比特币的所有权，类似于交易的甲乙方，是交易的内容)映射，如果区块链当中保存的是地址信息。

In this model, consistency is at least manageable. Any digital assets (e.g. documents, pictures, video videos, surveillance records, software, etc.) of block chain services need not eventually be stored in the block chain, and the updated content is only the corresponding array. So how does the dimension be reduced in this model? The consensus is the natural semantics. When natural synonyms move to the digital expression of the program, multi-dimensional natural synonyms and meta-data need to be a one-to-one mapping exercise, the process needs to be one-sized, using information technologies such as Hasi, code, etc.

       一是违背了内容共识的机制，二是大大降低了系统的安全性。一旦非法入侵者获得任何一个副本，就可以找到合约内容的存储空间进行篡改。降维哈希这一过程类似于“压缩”，需要基于数据内容、文件特征、时间戳等特定信息进行压缩。这样智能合约的执行算法才能够以此判定指定内容的“真伪”。所以这个过程是复杂而艰巨的，工程量浩大。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; a mechanism that violates the consensus on content, and significantly reduces the security of the system. Once the illegal intruder gets a copy, the storage space for the content of the contract can be found to be tampered with. Vihashi's process is similar to “compression” and needs to be compressed on the basis of specific information such as data content, file features, time stamp, etc.

　智能合约的衔接

Wisdom contract interface

　　智能合约的核心是利用程序算法替代人执行合同，从这个概念上理解合约的执行可以类比“支付宝”。当买家和卖家在淘宝网达成了某笔交易，钱货两讫将按照支付宝程序执行，买卖双方更多是配合程序执行的贯彻。因此，智能合约的前提就必须是签订的交易在执行前不能被篡改。区块链因此成为智能合约在去中心环境下的天然基石，该机制保证了智能合约执行程序前能得到“原汁原味”的合约。

At the heart of an intelligent contract is the use of procedural algorithms as a substitute for the execution of a contract, and it is understood from this concept that the execution of a contract can be analogous to a “paying treasure”. When a buyer and a seller make a deal on a treasure-hunting network, the buyer and seller will do so in accordance with the payment-money procedure, and the buyer and seller are more likely to cooperate in the execution of the contract. Therefore, an intelligent contract must be based on the premise that the transaction cannot be tampered with before it is executed.

　　通常对智能合约的“触发”有两种自然的解决方式，模式A和模式B，如图。前者通过数据本身的内容形成触发事件来驱动智能合约的执行，因此在执行之前需要验证数据内容和哈希值是否匹配。如果不匹配，就意味原始数据被篡改后续需要匹配容灾恢复机制。而采用模式B，则需要智能合约实现对哈希值的解读。如果说降维哈希是“压缩”，那么与智能合约之间的衔接就需要执行“解压”，需要从数字串列的特征值上进行解读，实现执行算法的“事件触发”。因此，区块链和智能合约的应用需要对数字资产内容进行标准化，通过标准的组件配置实现资产从注册、确权、转移等功能的量身定制。

There are two natural solutions to the “trigger” of smart contracts, model A and model B, for example. The former drives the implementation of smart contracts by forming the content of the data itself as trigger events, and therefore needs to verify the compatibility of data content with the Hashi value before implementation. If not, it means that the original data is tampered with to match the disaster recovery mechanism. In the case of model B, an intelligent contract is required to achieve an interpretation of the Hashi value. If Vihashi is “compressed”, then the interface with a smart contract requires “pressure”, which needs to be interpreted from the characteristics of the digital string and the “event trigger” of the algorithm. Thus, the application of block chains and smart contracts requires the standardization of the content of digital assets and the tailoring of assets from registration, validation, transfer, etc. through standard component configurations.

区块链的检索

Retrieval of block chains

　　如果说一致性问题的解决是区块链“写”操作的实践，那么区块链内容的检索就是一个“读”过程。因此，对于应用的需求而言，切不可为了区块链而区块链。在内容实现广泛共识的基础上，我们可以相机选择合适的方式来优化区块链上的遍历。中心化的检索或者区块链本身复合检索功能都是可以参考的方式。国内开发的唯链Vechain是采用后者的一种方式，将地址信息和内容信息同时进行哈希。但这一方案反而降低了系统的安全性，因为区块链系统存在太多的副本。假如非法入侵者获取到任何一个副本就得到了系统一个完整的地址表，入侵者就很容易找到原始数据的存放空间进行“篡改”。所以需要强调的是：区块链的“不可篡改性”，仅仅指区块链上存储的内容(如图4红色圈出的内容，图中的序号说明了整个流程)难以篡改，而非其他数据。同时，复合地址信息从另一个角度来看也为未来系统的负载均衡设置了障碍。由于的区块链不能“瘦身”，存储信息日益膨胀使得“读”效率会逐步降低，未来客户端是否需要装载完整的区块链?毕竟对于单个用户而言涉及到的信息比例很低，在区域内建立区块链服务器也不为一个预期的方向。这样“去中心”的区块链将过渡到“非中心”的区块链，由区块链服务器保留完整的链信息。

On the basis of a broad consensus on the content, we can choose the right way to optimize the span of the block chain. Centralized retrievals or the complex search function of the block chain itself are all accessible. The internally developed version of the chain Vechanin is one way of making address and content information available simultaneously, but this option reduces the security of the system, as there are too many copies of the block chain system. If one copy is obtained by the illegal intruder and the system has a complete address list, it is easy for the invader to find a “rotation” of the original data chain. It is therefore important to stress that the “non-rotability” of the chain refers only to the contents stored on the block chain (e.g., the contents of the four red circle, the serial numbers in the map describe the entire process) and not the other data. At the same time, complex information is an obstacle to the future system.

　　传统金融的基础设施是中心化的，交易过程中信息的汇总、合同的内容、信用的背书等等操作都必须以金融中介机构为中心。由它为双方达成的合约背书，也就默认了凡是中介机构承载的交易信息都是正确的。因此，传统中心化的服务方式，系统本身是不容错的。一旦中介机构本身存在道德风险或者中介机构被黑客恶意修改合同，那么交易合同履行存在漏洞，参与者会出现财产损失。这进一步说明了，最近几年金融机构的服务器屡受攻击的动机所在。区块链的存在允许了系统的容错，通过“去中心的共识”实现系统的统一数字表达，将供需拉得更近。持续的被关注，本身就是对传统金融现状的“反抗”。金融本质是价值的流动，需求、供给和中介成为了实现流动的三个环节。传统的金融中介现阶段难以完成供需的直接满足，区块链强化供需、削弱中介来实现供需效率匹配的优化，这也是当前供给侧改革一种技术实现。

The traditional financial infrastructure is central, and the consolidation of information in the course of the transaction, the content of the contract, the endorsement of credit, etc., must be centred on financial intermediaries. The endorsement of the contract by which it was concluded between the parties also implies that any transaction information carried by the intermediary is correct.