1月18日，美国康纳尔大学计算机科学教授埃敏·允·西拉什（Emin Gün Sirer）和密码学专家罗伯特·凡·雷讷瑟（Robbert van Renesse）等5人合著了一篇论文，直指比特币世界奉为最高原则的“去中心化”存在疑问，认为目前世界上最流行的两种加密数字货币比特币和以太坊背后均存在隐形权力结构，原因之一是比特币和以太坊的挖矿过于集中，比特币50%以上的算力都被前四大矿场控制了。
On 18 January, Emin Gün Sirer, Professor of Computer Science at the University of Connor, United States, and Robert van Renesse, a cryptographer, co-authored a paper referring to the “decentralization” of the highest principle in the world of Bitcoin, arguing that two of the world's most popular encrypted digital currencies, Bitcoin and the hidden power structure behind the Etherm, were among the reasons that Bitcoin and Ether were over-centralized and that more than 50 per cent of Bitcoin's power was controlled by the top four mines.
比特币以其分布式和去中心化特征扬名，其创始人，化名为中本聪的人曾说过比特币是个社会试验，此试验中最需要验证的是去中心化。事实上，中本聪就是因为不满各国将货币发行捏在央行手中，才撰写了比特币的白皮书。
Bitcoin was famous for its distributional and decentralized character, and its founder, a man named Binteng, once said that Bitcoin was a social experiment, and the most important thing to prove in that experiment was decentralization. In fact, it was displeasure on the part of central banks that Bintco wrote a white paper on Bitcoin.
也就是说，“去中心化”原则是比特币的核心，而康纳尔大学的论文就是在质疑比特币的根基。
In other words, the “decentralization” principle is at the heart of Bitcoin, and the Konnar University paper is questioning the roots of Bitcoin
这篇发表在1月18日的《麻省理工科技评论》上的论文《比特币和以太坊的去中心化》显示，比特币和以太坊背后都有隐形权力结构，两个系统的区块链中都只有20个不到的挖矿团队，比特币和以太坊50%以上的哈希率分别在前四大矿场和前三大矿场手中。
The paper " Decentization of Bitcoin and Ether ", published in the MIT Review on 18 January, shows that there are hidden power structures behind both Bitcoin and Ether, with less than 20 mining teams in the chain of blocks in both systems, with over 50 per cent of Bitcoin and Ether in the hands of the first four mines and the first three.
假设比特币挖矿是解一道方程题， 而且只有把每个整数代入才能算出来，那么哈希率就是每秒处理数据的速度，也可以视作是挖矿的“算力”。
Assuming that bitcoin mining is an equation, and that it can only be calculated by intergenerationalization, the Hashi ratio is the speed at which data are processed per second, and it can also be seen as the “calculus” of mining.
比特币社区中的很多人认为，中本聪最初的设想是社区中几百万成员都能使用自己的GPU挖矿，以实现绝对的民主，而不是现在的几家巨头分立的状态。
According to many in the Bitcoin community, the original idea of Ben-Hung was that millions of members of the community would be able to use their own GPS to dig for absolute democracy, rather than the current split of giants.
该论文还认为，比特币的权力分散程度还不如后来参照它做出来的以太坊。与以太坊相比，比特币的节点在地理上往往更加集中，而以太坊的节点分散在世界各地，分布性更好。造成这个问题的原因是，56%的比特币节点都在各地的数据中心周围分布，而以太坊这项数据是28%，正好是其一半。
The paper also argues that Bitcoin’s power is less decentralized than the Etherm that it was made later. Bitcoin’s nodes tend to be more geographically concentrated than Etheria’s, while the nodes spread around the world are more distributed. The reason for this is that 56% of the Bitcoin nodes are distributed around the data centres, compared to 28%, which is half of them.
“以太坊的节点建立在更加广泛的自治的系统上，”论文称。
“Build on a broader system of self-government with the nodes of the Taikus,” the paper says.
论文表示，与比特币相比，以太坊的机制更为公平，利好中小矿工。
According to the paper, the Etherm mechanism is more equitable than Bitcoin and benefits small and medium-sized miners.
如果一个系统是完全公平的，那么小矿工就没有必要把它们的资源倾注到一个大的矿池中，与其他矿工合力来产生更多收益。
If a system is completely equitable, there is no need for small miners to pour their resources into a large pond and work with other miners to generate more benefits .
然而事实上，比特币链中的中小矿工的挖矿奖励比以太坊更为难以预测，原因之一，其实可以理解为比特币产生区块的速度很慢，10分钟才能出现一个新区块，所以谁抢到了系统产生的奖励，不确定性很高。
In fact, however, mining incentives for small and medium-sized miners in the Bitcoin chain are more difficult to predict than Ether, one of the reasons being that it can be understood that bitcoins produce blocks at a slow pace and that a new block can only emerge in 10 minutes, so there is a high degree of uncertainty as to who gets the reward generated by the system.
矿池主要负责独立矿机的集中托管，维护网络中的各个节点，传输运算信息到比特币网络中，如果自己管理的矿池中有矿机碰撞出正确结果，矿池要将所获得的比特币平均分配给所有矿机，主要依据是算力贡献。所以，矿池可以理解为“组团打怪兽”。
The ponds are primarily responsible for the central hosting of independent machines, maintaining the various nodes in the network, transmitting computing information to the Bitcoin network, and if there is a mine crash in the ponds that they manage, the pits are allocated equally to all the machines, mainly on the basis of arithmetic contributions.
此外，针对很多矿工提到的，组成矿池可以避免中小矿工收益不均的情况，这篇论文也予以反驳。论文指出，首先回溯历史，矿池会与其成员达成私下协议改动利益分配；其次，矿池里的小矿工一般不会离开这个池子，除非这个矿池掌握了全系统51%的算力，并对比特币造成了危害；最后，即便有人会因为察觉到矿池的一些交易审查等危害行为而离开，也得有识别和检测这些行为的能力，然而大多数中小矿工都没有这种能力。
In addition, the paper rebutted by
因此，论文判断，矿池有助于去中心化，只是一个传说，而非真相。
Therefore, the 一位比特币矿池公司管理者对澎湃新闻表示，比特币的机制确实是可以掌握在小部分人受众的，也可以实现“51%攻击”。 One of the managers of Bitcoin's ponds said to the news that the Bitcoin mechanism could indeed reach a small audience and that it could achieve a “51 per cent attack” 所谓51%攻击，就是利用比特币使用算力作为竞争条件的特点，使用算力优势撤销自己已经发生的付款交易。如果有人掌握了50%以上的算力，他能够比其他人更快地找到开采区块需要的那个随机数，因此他实际上拥有了绝对哪个一区块的有效权利。简单来看，掌握全网51%的算力，就如同在公司中拥有51%的股权。 The so-called strong > 51% attack on is to use Bitcoin's use of arithmetic as a feature of a competitive condition, using an arithmetic advantage to cancel a payment transaction that has taken place. If someone has more than 50% of the value, he can find the random number needed to exploit a block faster than anyone else, so he actually has an absolute right to a block. Strong simply holds 51% of the value of the whole net, as if he had 51% of the stake in the company . “但是实现51%攻击意味着耗资300亿，因为机器设备铺设价格很高，”上述管理者称，“而且比特币网络因为这场攻击而暴露自己被控制，瞬间价格一文不值，也没有人会愿意这么做吧。” “But the achievement of 51 per cent of the attack meant that it cost 30 billion dollars because of the high cost of laying the machinery and equipment,” said the regulators, “and because of the attack, the Bitcoin network has exposed itself to control, the price is instantaneous and nobody would be willing to do so”. 比特币的价格在下跌后正在经历回调。在经历韩国监管趋严造成的暴跌之后，目前比特币又重新站上了1.1万美元的上方，然而距离历史最高点2万美元还是有不小的差距。 Bitcoin’s prices are now rewinding after falling. After a strong fall in South Korea’s regulation, bitcoin is now back above $110,000, yet there is still a significant gap between $20,000 and the highest point in history. 总部在塞浦路斯外汇经济商FXTM富拓外汇的全球首席分析师Jameel Ahmad对澎湃新闻表示，目前看来，1万美元是比特币的一个值得注意的价格，一般在1万美元以上，有可能出现抛售潮，每次跌破1万美元，又会出现上涨空间，“目前这个价格已经有相当大的压力了。” Jameel Ahmad, the global chief analyst of FXTM-rich foreign exchange at Headquarters in Cyprus, stated in news that, at present, it appears that $10,000 is a notable price for bitcoin, generally over $10,000, with the possibility of a sales surge, a drop of $10,000 each time, and there is room for a rise “at present there is considerable pressure on this price”. Jameel Ahmad称，比特币是这辈子见过的最具有投机性的东西，“2万美元到1万美元，1个月内涨一倍又跌完，这是任何基本面都支撑不了的，更多的是市场情绪在操控。”他也坦言，去年8月份之前根本没想过要研究比特币，但是市场情绪推动比特币上了很多头条，目前比特币是货币，还是金融工具，还是资产很难定义，并且难以判断接下去的价格走势。 Jameel Ahmad claims that Bitcoin is the most speculative thing he has ever seen in his life: “Twenty to 10,000 dollars, doubling it in one month and falling out, which cannot be sustained by any fundamentals, and more by market sentiment.” He also admits that before August last year, no attempt was made to study bitcoin, but that market sentiment pushed a lot of headlines on bitcoin, whether it is currency or financial instruments or assets that are difficult to define, and it is difficult to judge next price trends. “6个月前我可能觉得不可能走出这样的趋势，但市场情绪是瞬息万变的，” Jameel Ahmad感慨道。 “I may not have felt able to get out of this trend six months ago, but the market moods are changing rapidly.” Jameel Ahmad lamented.
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