在金融中,期货合约(通称期货)是标准化的远期合约,这是彼此之间不认识的各方之间在未来的指定时间以预定价格买卖商品的法律协议。交易的资产通常是商品或金融工具。双方同意买卖资产的预定价格被称为远期价格。将来指定的时间(即进行交付和付款的时间)称为交付日期。因为它是基础资产的函数,所以期货合约是衍生产品。
In , (commonly known as 合同是在期货交易所(作为买卖双方之间的市场)进行谈判的。合同的买方被称为多头头寸持有人,而卖方被称为空头头寸持有人。由于如果价格违约,双方都有冒险让对方走开的风险,因此合同可能涉及双方向相互信任的第三方支付合同价值的保证金。例如,在黄金期货交易中,保证金在2%到20%之间变化,具体取决于现货市场的波动性。 The contract was negotiated at (as ). The buyer of the contract is known as . For example, in 最初的谈判是针对农产品的期货合同,后来的谈判是针对石油等自然资源的合同。金融期货于1972年推出,近几十年来,货币期货,利率期货和股票市场指数期货在整个期货市场中扮演着越来越重要的角色。甚至有人提出器官期货来增加急需的移植器官的供应。 The initial negotiations were for futures contracts for agricultural products. The subsequent negotiations were for contracts for natural resources of oil was launched in 1972, and in recent decades of currency futures , an important increase in the role of the market 期货合约的最初用途是通过允许各方提前为未来交易确定价格或汇率来降低价格或汇率变动的风险。当(例如)当事方希望将来接收外币付款,并希望防止在收到付款之前的时间间隔内货币出现不利变动时,这可能是有利的。 The original purpose of futures contracts is to reduce the risk of price or exchange rate movements by allowing parties to set prices or exchange rates for future transactions in advance. This may be beneficial when (e.g.) parties wish to receive future payments in foreign currency and wish to prevent adverse changes in at intervals prior to the receipt of payments. 但是,期货合约也提供了投机的机会,因为预测资产价格将朝某个特定方向移动的交易者可以在未来以一定价格(如果预测正确)进行交易来买卖该资产盈利。 However, futures contracts also provide an opportunity for speculation , as traders predicting that asset prices will move in a particular direction can trade in the asset for profit in the future at a certain price (if the projection is correct). 期货合约有很多不同种类,反映了合约可能基于的许多不同种类的“可交易”资产,例如商品,证券(例如:单一股票期货),货币或无形资产(例如利率和指数)。有关特定基础商品市场中的期货市场的信息,请单击链接。有关可交易商品期货合约的列表,请参阅交易商品列表。 Futures contracts have many different types of “tradable” assets, such as commodities, (e.g., single stock futures), currency or , which may be based on many different types of “tradable” assets, such as commodities, (e.g. 商品贸易始于18世纪的日本,开始的是大米和丝绸贸易,类似地,荷兰的郁金香鳞茎也开始贸易。美国的贸易始于19世纪中叶,当时建立了中央谷物市场,并创建了一个供农民携带商品并出售以立即交付(也称为现货或现金市场)或远期交付的市场。这些远期合约是买卖双方之间的私人合约,并成为当今交易所买卖期货合约的先驱。尽管合同交易从谷物,肉类和牲畜等传统商品开始,但交易所交易已扩展到包括金属、能源、货币和货币指数,股票和股票指数,政府利率和私人利率。 芝加哥商品交易所(CME)在1970年代引入了金融工具合同,这些工具取得了巨大成功,在交易量和全球市场准入方面迅速超过了商品期货。这项创新导致在世界范围内引入了许多新的期货交易所,例如1982年的伦敦国际金融期货交易所(现为Euronext.liffe),德意志总交易所(现为Eurex)和东京商品交易所(TOCOM)。如今,全球有90多个期货和期货期权交易所,交易包括: The Chicago (CME) introduced financial contracts in the 1970s. The innovation resulted in the introduction of a number of new futures exchanges worldwide, such as the 1982 global market access , which resulted in the introduction of new futures exchanges worldwide, such as the 1982 在许多情况下,期权在期货上交易,有时简称为“期货期权”。一个看跌期权是卖期货合约的选项,一个呼叫是买一个期货合约的选项。对于这两种期权,期权行使价都是在行使期权时以期货交易的指定期货价格。由于期货是三角洲的一种工具,因此经常使用。通过使用Black-Scholes公式的扩展,即Black模型,可以对期货的看涨期权和期权定价与交易资产类似。对于期货期权,在交割之前必须支付溢价,这些头寸通常被称为期货,因为它们像期权一样行事,所以像期货一样结算。 In many cases, options are traded on futures, sometimes referred to as “prospects”. One futures price . Because futures are a tool in the delta, they are often used. By using the extension of the Black-Scholes formula, i.e. the Black model, the options can be exercised with respect to futures 投资者可以扮演期权卖方(或“写作者”)或期权买方的角色。通常认为,期权卖方承担更多的风险,因为如果期权买方行使其在期权中规定的期货头寸的权利,他们有义务承担相反的期货头寸。期权的价格由供需原则决定,包括期权金或期权费,即为提供期权和承担风险而支付给期权卖方的价格。 can play the role of a options seller (or “author”) or a right buyer. 美国的所有期货交易均受美国政府独立机构商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的监管。委员会有权对违反任何规则的个人或公司处以罚款和其他惩罚。尽管法律规定委员会负责所有交易,但每个交易所都可以有自己的规则,根据合同可以对公司处以不同的罚款,也可以延长CFTC发放的罚款。 All futures transactions in the United States are regulated by the independent CFTC每周发布一份报告,其中包含有20多个参与者的每个市场细分的市场参与者的未平仓合约的详细信息。这些报告在每个星期五发布(包括前一个星期二的数据),并包含有关未报告利息的数据,该报告按应报告和不可报告的未分类权益以及商业和非商业未分类权益进行划分。这种类型的报告称为“?交易者的承诺报告?”,COT报告或简称为COTR。 CFTC publishes a weekly report containing data on unreported interest without contracts. These reports are published every Friday (including 密切相关的合同是远期合同。期货就像期货一样,它指定在指定的未来日期以指定的价格交换货物。但是,远期交易不在交易所进行交易,因此,由于要标记市场,因此没有中间部分付款。合同也没有像交易所那样标准化。 Closely related contracts are forward contracts. As with futures, it designates futures for the exchange of goods at specified future dates. However, forward transactions are not traded on the exchange, so there is no intermediate payment because the market is marked. 与期权不同,期货合同的双方都必须在交货日期履行合同。卖方将基础资产交付给买方,或者如果是现金结算的期货合约,则将现金从承担亏损的期货交易者转移到获利者。为了在交割日之前退出承诺,期货头寸的持有者可以通过在相同资产和交割日对另一份期货合约采取相反的头寸来平仓其合同义务。期货价格之差即为损益。 The seller delivers the underlying assets to the buyer, or, in the case of a cash settlement futures contract, transfers the cash from the losing futures dealer to the profitee. In order to withdraw from the promise before the date of delivery, the futures position holder can clear his contractual obligations by taking the opposite position against another futures contract on the same asset and the date of delivery. The difference in the futures price is a gain or loss. 期货和远期合约都是以预定价格在未来日期交付资产的合约,但它们在两个主要方面有所不同: Futures and forward contracts are contracts for the delivery of assets at predetermined prices at future dates, but they differ in two main respects: 远期产品具有信用风险,但期货并非因为清算所通过保证交易双方的交易并在每晚进行标记以推销其仓位来保证避免违约风险。远期基本上不受监管,而期货合约则受联邦政府监管。 The forward product has credit risk, but futures are not supposed to be avoided by clearing transactions between the parties to the transaction and placing a mark at night to market their positions. The forward is largely unregulated, while futures contracts are regulated by the federal government. 该期货业协会(FIA)估计,6.97十亿期货合约于2007年上市,比2006年的数字增加了近32%。 The Futures Association (FIA) estimated that 697 million futures contracts were marketed in 2007, an increase of almost 32 per cent over the 2006 期货总是在交易所交易,而远期总是在场外交易,或者可以只是两方之间的已签订合同。因此: Futures are always traded on an exchange, while forward transactions are always off-site, or can only be contracted between the two parties. 内容由匿名用户提供,本内容不代表vibaike.com立场,内容投诉举报请联系vibaike.com客服。如若转载,请注明出处:https://vibaike.com/3373/ The content is provided by anonymous users and does not represent the vibaike.com position. For a complaint, contact the vibaike.com guest service.
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