李火华 沈绮虹
近日一则新闻成为关注焦点，中共中央政治局就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行集体学习，强调要把区块链作为核心技术自主创新重要突破口，加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展。
In recent days, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China has focused its attention on learning collectively about the current state of and trends in technological development in the block chain, emphasizing the importance of the block chain as an important entry point for core technological autonomy and accelerating technological and industrial innovation development in the block chain.
那么，什么是区块链技术？它的发展过程和现状是什么？未来又有哪些应用场景？这里我们就来说一说。
So, what is block chain technology? What is its development and status? What are the applications for the future? Let's talk about it here.
区块链技术的由来和发展
提到区块链，很多人可能会想到比特币。事实上，两者并非一回事，区块链是比特币的底层技术。
When it comes to block chains, many people might think of bitcoin. In fact, they're not the same thing, they're bitcoin's bottom technology.
2008年，一位自称“中本聪”的人发布了白皮书，想构建一套不会滥发的电子货币系统。2009年1月，比特币正式诞生，总量上限为2100万枚，发行规则透明，且没有一个中心发行机构，全靠代码自动执行。比特币的代码和运行由参与的人维护，世界上的任何人都可以参与其中。
In 2008, a man who called himself & ldquo; Nakamoto & & rdquo; published a white paper to build an electronic monetary system that is not abusive. In January 2009, Bitcoin was officially born, with a cap of 21 million copies, transparent distribution rules, and no central issuer, all automatically by code. Bitcoin's code and operations are maintained by the participants, and anyone in the world can participate.
最早，比特币只在电脑极客中流通，有些人把它当作新玩意进行尝试，也有些人被它不会滥发、可以自由流通的乌托邦理想所吸引。2010年，甚至还发生了一位程序员用一万枚比特币换取2块比萨的故事。不管怎么说，当时很少有人会想到比特币会在后来产生那么大的影响力。
As early as 2010, Bitcoin was only circulating among the computer poles, and some tried to use it as a new thing, and some were attracted by the utopian ideal that it would not operate indiscriminately and be free to circulate. In 2010, there was even the story of a programmer offering 10,000 bitcoins for two pieces of pizza.
随着时间的推移，比特币从电脑极客圈逐渐向外传开。由于参与的人越来越多，资本的投机、炒作接踵而至，比特币的价格也开启了暴涨暴跌模式，引发了一些主流媒体的关注和报道，也吸引了越来越多的人去研究比特币。
With time, Bitcoin has spread out from the computer conglomerates. As more and more people are involved, capital speculation and speculation have followed, and the price of Bitcoin has set in motion a pattern of sharp increases and drops, triggering attention and reporting from mainstream media and attracting more and more people to study Bitcoin.
人们在研究了比特币的代码之后，把比特币所采用的底层技术统称区块链技术，比特币则是区块链技术的第一个应用。如果把比特币比喻成面包，那么区块链就是面粉。面粉可以制作面包，也可以制作面条、花卷、馒头、糕点。同理，可以利用区块链技术创造比特币，也可以利用区块链技术做很多其他的事情来造福整个社会。
After studying the bitcoin code, the bottom technology used by bitcoin is called block chain technology, and bitcoin is the first application of block chain technology. If bitcoin is compared to bread, the block chain is flour. Flour can make bread, or noodles, rolls, buns, pastries.
区块链是“信任的机器”
顾名思义，区块链是“区块”和“链”的组合，本质上是一个分布式的账本。那么，这个账本是怎么记账、如何运行的呢？我们不妨用一个类比进行说明。
By definition, the blocks chain is “ blocks & & rdquao; and & & ldquao; chains & rdquao; and is essentially a distributed account book. So, how do you account for this book and how do you run it?
最开始，一群人中先站出来一个人，拿着一张空白的纸进行记账，系统给这个记账的人一定额度的奖励（比如50个比特币）。记完账后，将这一页账单通过加密算法生成一个防伪码，并同时将账单复印给其他所有的人。接下去，大家通过计算一道难题，先算出来的人可以记账并独享系统给记账人的奖励。在记第二页账单时，需要在开头写上第一页账单的防伪码，然后再记账，记完后同样通过加密算法生成第二页账单的一个防伪码，再将账单复印给其他所有人。接着，大家通过计算下一道难题来争夺第三页账单的记账权，这一页账单同样会在开头标注上一页账单的防伪码，记完后同样会生成一个防伪码并将账单同步给其他人，以此类推。这一页一页的账单，按顺序通过装订线变成一本越来越厚的总账本，且每个参与者人手一份。
At first, a group of people came forward with a blank piece of paper for bookkeeping, and the system gave the account keeper a certain amount of reward (e.g. 50 bitcoins). After the booking, the bill was created by encryption algorithms, and the bill was copied to all the others. Then, by calculating a difficult question, the first person could write the bill and receive an incentive from the book keeper. In the second page, it was necessary to write the first page of the bill, then to record it, and then to create a second page of the bill by encoded algorithms, and then to copy the bill to the rest of the population. Then, by calculating the next difficult question, the third page of the bill, which would also mark the first page of the bill, and it would create a security code and synchronize the bill with others, and so on.
在上述这个类比中，一页一页的账单被称为“区块”，装订线就是“链”，通过先后顺序将这一页一页账单装订成总账本，就构成了“区块链”，其本质还是一个账本。只不过这个账本人手一份，没有中心人或组织，任何人都是平等的，所有人都可以通过计算难题从而争夺记账权，整个账本由所有参与者共同维护。
In the above analogy, the one-page bill is called “ block & rdquao; the binding line is &ldquao; chain & rdquao; it is & & & & & & & & rdquao; it is & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & ; & & & & & ; ; ; & & & & & & & & & & &, & &, & & &, &,, & &, & &,, &
既然一个中心人或组织都没有，那么，这个共同维护的账本如何防止心怀不轨的人做假账或是篡改账本记录呢？假设张三抢到了第100页账单的记账权，他的好友李四本来账上只有三千元，张三帮他偷偷地改成了三万元，记完账后同步账本给其他人，此时，其他人会立马发现这笔账有问题，因为账本人手一份，李四资产的来龙去脉都记录在前面的账本上。因此，其他人会拒绝有错误记录的这第100页账单添加到总账本里，会通过计算难题选出另外一位诚实者来记录这第100页账单。
Since there is no central person or organization, how can this jointly maintained account book prevent a disobedient person from making a false or tampering account record? Assuming that Zhang has seized the right to account for the 100-page bill, his best friend Lee had only $3,000 on his account, Zhang San secretly changed his account to $30,000, and then synchronized the account with the others, others will find it problematic because one of their own accounts, and Lee's assets are recorded in the front. So others will refuse to add the wrongly recorded bill to the master account book, and another honest person will be selected to record the 100-page bill by calculating the difficulty.
因此，我们可以看到，区块链技术具有这些特点：公开透明（账本人手一份，人人可查）、去中心化（没有一个中心人或组织）、不可篡改（因为任何篡改、做假账都会被发现）。
Thus, as we can see, block chain technology has these characteristics: openness and transparency (one account per person, accessible to everyone), decentralization (there is no centre or organization), immobilization (because any tampering or falsification of accounts will be discovered).
日常生活中，很多人消费时习惯用微信、支付宝支付，微信和支付宝就充当了记账人，我们需要信任这个记账人不会记错账、记假账。区块链则不一样，黑客或许攻击并修改了一台电脑里的账本，但想真正修改区块链数据，需要攻击超过半数以上电脑里的账本，难度非常大，尤其是像比特币这样的区块链，记账的节点有上万个，账本人手一份，且分散在全球各地。所以，区块链技术在安全性上也有非常大的优势。
In everyday life, many people are used to paying with micro-letters and treasures, and we need to trust this bookkeeper not to miscalculate or miscalculate accounts. Unlike the chain of blocks, hackers may attack and modify a computer's books, but it is very difficult to actually modify the data of a block chain, which requires more than half of the computer's books, especially in a sector such as Bitcoin, with tens of thousands of nodes in the account, one hand in the account, and scattered around the globe. So, the technology of the chain of blocks has a great advantage in terms of security.
公开透明、去中心化、不可篡改……因为这些优点，英国著名的财经杂志《经济学人》称赞区块链是“信任的机器”。
Open transparency, decentralisation, non-alterable alteration of & Hellip; & Hellip; because of these virtues, the well-known British financial magazine, The Economist, praises the block chain as & ldquao; a trusting machine & & rdquao;
区块链赋能未来的社会发展
十多年来，区块链技术经历了从1.0时代到2.0时代，现在正在迈向3.0时代。
For more than a decade, block chain technology has gone from 1.0 to 2.0 and is now moving towards 3.0.
区块链的1.0时代，比特币是典型代表，主要是简单地记录交易信息，功能非常单一，应用场景有限。区块链的2.0时代，以太坊项目是典型代表。不同于功能单一的比特币，以太坊增加了“智能合约”功能，智能合约可以简单理解为能自动执行的程序。因为这个可以自动执行的程序，区块链从一个功能单一的账本升级为了一台世界计算机，人们可以在上面开发各种各样的区块链应用。
In the 1.0 era of block chains, bitcoin is typical, mainly a simple record of transactional information, with very single functions and limited applications. In the 2.0 age of block chains, the Taiyo project is typical. Unlike a single bitcoin, it adds &ldquao; smart contracts & rdquao; and functions, smart contracts can be understood simply as auto-executable applications. Because of this self-executing program, block chains are upgraded from a single-function account to a world computer, one can develop a variety of block chains.
至于区块链的3.0时代，正如5G时代一样，只有等它真正来临之后，人们才能知道它长什么样子，会产生哪些新的商业模式和社会影响。现在我们谈论的区块链赋能社会发展，主要是基于区块链2.0。
As for the 3.0 era of the block chain, as was the case in the 5G era, one can only know what it looks like and what new business models and social impacts are when it really comes to it. Now the block chain we are talking about is enabling social development, mainly based on the block chain 2.0.
那么，区块链会在哪些方面赋能社会发展呢？
Where, then, would the chain of blocks enable social development?
首先是金融行业。金融行业每天都要和各种账目打交道，区块链本质上是一个分布式账本，利用区块链这个“信任的机器”，记账、做账、报账、清结算、报税等需要多方信息同步的工作，用区块链技术实现有明显的优势。去年8月10日，深圳市税务局联合腾讯公司推出了区块链电子发票，实现了电子发票不可作伪、数据可询、交易即开票、开票即报销，极大地简化了传统金融税务的工作流程。
The financial sector deals with a variety of accounts on a daily basis, and the block chain is essentially a distributed account book, using the block chain & & ldquo; a trusted machine & & rdquo; and a multi-information synchronization of bookkeeping, bookkeeping, billing, clearing, tax reporting, etc., with a clear advantage of using block chain technology. On August 10, last year, the Shenzhen Tax Office jointly introduced the block chain electronic invoice, making electronic invoices non-false, data accessible, transactions open, and reimbursements.
此外，跨境支付也是区块链在金融领域的一大应用。利用区块链技术的公开透明、不可篡改、去信任中介等优点，在跨境支付时，可以减少不同银行间的各种繁琐手续，加快流程。去年6月25日，支付宝在香港上线了基于区块链的电子钱包跨境汇款服务，使用港版支付宝，可以通过区块链技术向菲律宾钱包Gcash进行跨境汇款。在发布会上，整个汇款过程只用了3秒钟，而通过传统的跨境转账方式需要数天时间。
Cross-border payments are also a major financial application of block chains. Using the advantages of open transparency, non-frozen block chain technology, and trusting intermediaries, cross-border payments can be made in a way that reduces cumbersome procedures between different banks and speeds up the process.
除了金融领域，在商业上区块链技术也大有可为。京东在很早之前就推出了京东智臻链，利用区块链技术打造防伪追溯平台，记录商品从原材料采购到售后每一个环节的重要数据，与监管部门、第三方机构和品牌商等联合打击假冒伪劣。去年双十一，天猫国际商城有超过1.5亿件跨境商品，利用了区块链技术可追溯、不可篡改的特性，实现了永久溯源、防止信息虚假，保障了消费者权益。
In addition to the financial sector, there is much that can be done in the area of commercial upper block chain technology. Kyouta launched the Jingdong Ji-sik chain a long time ago, using block chain technology to create a platform for anti-false traceability, to record important data on every link between the purchase of raw materials and the sale, and to combat counterfeiting jointly with regulators, third-party agencies, and branders. Last year, there were more than 150 million cross-border commodities in the City of Skycat International, making use of the retrospective, non-frozen nature of block chain technology, achieving permanent traceability, preventing false information, and safeguarding consumers’ rights and interests.
在民生领域，区块链技术的应用前景也非常广泛。比如慈善事业，可以利用区块链技术的公开透明，监测每一笔慈善资金的流向，确保款项最后到达受助者手中。
In the area of human life, the prospects for the application of block-chain technologies are also very broad. For example, philanthropy can be used to monitor the flow of every philanthropy, using the open and transparent technology of block-chain technology, to ensure that the money reaches the recipients eventually.
区块链技术还可以简化政府政务，实现各个职能部门互联互通。去年11月13日，湖南省娄底市发放了首张不动产区块链电子凭证，实现了不动产登记与国土、税务、房产等政府职能部门数据上的互联互通。
The block chain technology will also streamline government and connect the various functional sectors. On 13 November last year, the first electronic certificate of the real estate block chain was issued in the city of Loudy, Hunan Province, which established the connection between real estate registration and data from the territorial, tax, and real estate branches of government.
将数据存储到区块链上，也具有法律效力。去年6月29日，全国首例区块链存证案在杭州互联网法院一审宣判，确认了采用区块链技术存证电子数据的法律效力，明确了区块链电子存证的审查判断方法。
The storage of data on block chains also has the force of law. On 29 June last year, the first block chain registration case in the country was handed down at first instance by the Hangzhou Internet Court, confirming the legal effect of using block chain technology to record electronic data, and clarifying the method of screening the electronic chain of blocks.
对于很多注重隐私保护的人而言，区块链技术是一大福音。我们日常在互联网上留下的各种使用数据，包括身份、手机号码、兴趣爱好、购物记录、位置等敏感信息，都有可能被直接或间接地泄露出去，给我们的生活带来极大的威胁和困扰。区块链技术融合了密码学和加密技术，可以实现用户身份与数据分离、加密存储和分布式存储，让自己的数据完全掌握在自己的手中。
Block chain technology is a great evangelical for many people who focus on privacy protection. All kinds of data we leave on the Internet every day, including sensitive information such as identity, cell phone numbers, hobbies, shopping records, location, etc., are likely to be leaked directly or indirectly, posing a great threat and distress to our lives. Block chain technology combines cryptography and encryption techniques, enabling user identification to be separated from data, encrypted storage and distributed storage, leaving their data in their own hands.
目前的区块链技术仍然处于发展的初期，就如2000年前后的互联网一样，虽然充满了各种各样的可能性，但并不成熟，成功的大规模落地应用非常少，而且还充斥着资本的投机与炒作。对于这项新兴的技术，我们不能高估它短期内带来的影响，也不能忽视它长期带来的变革。
The current block chain technology is still in its early stages of development, as was the case with the Internet around the year 2000, which, while full of possibilities, is immature, with very few successful mass landings and capital speculation and speculation. For this emerging technology, we cannot overestimate its short-term impact or ignore the long-term changes it has brought about.
（詹蓉蓉 吕布凡 马丹 吴杰对此文也有贡献。特约《白话区块链》公众号供稿）
James Lubfan, Martin U-Ji also contributed to this document.
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