借贷是最原始，也是最活跃的金融需求，已经有数千年的发展历史。近几年来，随着互联网技术的发展，传统线下借贷开始触网，P2P、现金贷、消费分期等网络借贷模式迅速爆发，形成了数万亿的市场。
Lending is the most primitive and dynamic financial demand, with thousands of years of development. In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, traditional lending under the line began to reach the net, and the network lending model of P2Ps, cash loans, and consumer instalments quickly erupted, creating trillions of markets.
然而，互联网为信息的传播和处理带来了便利，却未能解决信任的问题。
However, the Internet has facilitated the dissemination and processing of information, but has failed to resolve the question of trust.
借款人方面，相关数据显示，目前贷款逾期率急速飙升，而风险极高的现金贷平台坏账率普遍超过30%，老赖以数百万计。
On the borrower side, relevant data indicate that the loan overhang rate is currently rapidly rising, while the high-risk cash lending platform generally has a bad debt rate of more than 30 per cent, relying on millions of dollars.
P2P平台方面，2018年6月P2P暴雷潮启动，至今已有130多家平台被立案调查。网贷之家数据显示，目前问题或停业平台超5300家，而仅剩的1000余家平台，大多数也运营艰难。出借人蒙受巨大损失，政府监管压力巨大，社会不稳定因素上升。因为信任危机，6月起P2P行业首次出现资金净流出，且每月达数百亿。
With regard to the P2P platform, more than 130 platforms have been opened for investigation since the start of the P2P thunderstorm in June 2018. Internet House data show that there are currently over 5300 problem or shut-down platforms, and most of the remaining 1,000 platforms have been difficult to operate. Lenders have suffered huge losses, government regulatory pressure, and social instability have risen. As a result of the crisis of trust, the P2P sector has experienced the first net outflow of funds since June, amounting to hundreds of billions per month.
总结而言，网络借贷行业主要存在如下两类信任问题：
In summary, there are two main types of trust problems in the Internet lending industry:
第一，对借款人的信任问题：平台方（或放款方）在KYC（Know Your Customer）时无法准确识别可信用户，多头借贷严重，专业团伙欺诈骗贷猖獗。
First, the question of confidence in borrowers: the platform (or lender) was unable to accurately identify credible users when it came to KYC (Know Your Cstomar), multiple lending was serious and professional groups engaged in fraud and fraud.
第二，对平台的信任问题：平台方内部操作违规违法，自融、期限错配、资金池等现象普遍，虚假标的、庞氏骗局等严重违法行为屡禁不止。
Second, the question of trust in the platform: the internal operation of the platform is in violation of the law, there is a widespread pattern of self-mutation, mismatches of deadlines, pools of funds, and serious violations such as false labels, ponzi schemes, etc.
因此，因为信息不对称，出借人不信任平台，平台方（或放贷方）不能有效识别可信用户，成为网络借贷最为核心的问题。
Therefore, because information is asymmetrical and lenders do not trust the platform, the platform's (or lender's) inability to effectively identify credible users becomes the most central issue of Internet lending.
我们都知道，区块链是一个分布式账本，公开透明，上链后的数据不可篡改和不可抵赖。同时，智能合约按事先约定的规则自动执行，不受外界干扰。那么，区块链究竟能否解决当前网络借贷中的信任问题呢？
As we all know, the block chain is a distributed book, open and transparent, and the data behind the chain are inexorable and indefensible. At the same time, smart contracts are executed automatically, in accordance with pre-agreed rules, free from outside interference.
网络信贷一般包括如下几个流程：进件、风控、放款、贷后监控、逾期处置。下面我们将逐一探讨各流程的区块链应用潜力。
Network credit typically includes the following processes: feed, wind control, loan lending, post-prior monitoring, and late disposal.
1.进件
1. Entry
进件是贷款申请受理，贷款资料审查和了解借款人基本信息的过程。进件材料的真实性，完整性和准确性是整个借贷业务的基础。而行业中的伪造资料骗贷，虚假标的等问题大多根源于此环节。
The trueness, completeness, and accuracy of the material are the basis of the entire lending business. In the industry, the issues of false information and false subject matter are largely rooted in this connection.
因此，若能够通过区块链分布式账本公开透明，不可篡改和不可抵赖的特性，将原始进件材料（或材料哈希值）上链，将大大提升审计监察效率，降低借款人和P2P平台的作恶意愿。
As a result, the ability to chain raw incoming material (or material in Hashi value) through a transparent, non-defeating and indefensible feature of the block chain distribution ledger would greatly enhance the efficiency of audit inspections and reduce the willingness of borrowers and P2P platforms to commit malfeasance.
瞄准这一环节的痛点，在应用程序、中间件、基础设施三大领域，创业团队、巨头们纷纷布局。商业应用方面，国内外已有一些知名项目先后启动，如Origin Protocol、Civic、uPort、本体、IDHub、THEKEY等，激烈的竞争，或是行业即将取得突破的信号。
In terms of commercial applications, several well-known projects have been launched at home and abroad, such as the Origan Protocol, Civic, uPort, home, IDHub, THEKEY, or the signal that the industry is about to make a breakthrough.
2.风控
Wind control
风控是借贷决策的关键环节，网络借贷一般会依据大数据技术，通过反欺诈规则、风控模型、授信模型等多维度分析借款人的还款能力和还款意愿。风控环节的核心在于两个方面：征信和担保。而正好，区块链在这两方面的都大有可为。
Wind control is a key element in lending decisions, and Internet lending typically analyses borrowers’ repayment capacity and willingness to pay through multiple dimensions, such as anti-fraud rules, wind control models, and letters of credit models, on the basis of large data technology. The core of wind control is two dimensions: letters and guarantees.
目前，我国征信行业数据孤岛现象严重，传统的技术实现征信数据共享难度大且成本高，也很难实现多方互信。利用区块链技术建立联盟机构征信平台，可将分散在各个机构间的数据整合在一起实现数据共享，解决行业征信问题。
At present, there is a high degree of fragmentation in the country’s credit sector, and it is difficult and costly for traditional technologies to share and trust each other. The use of block-chain technology to build a platform for coalition institutions allows data-sharing to be integrated across institutions and to solve the problem of industry-based letters of credit.
此外，随着区块链数字身份和资产通证化发展，抵押、质押和保证等担保方式也可在区块链上办理，解决当前流程繁琐，手续复杂的问题。前述商业应用中，本体、IDHub、Civic等已经提出了一些解决方案，行业目前处在质变前夕。
In addition, with the digital identity of block chains and the development of the translatorization of assets, collateral, pledges and guarantees can also be processed on block chains to address the current cumbersome and complex processes. In the above-mentioned commercial applications, solutions have been proposed for the home, IDHub, Civic, etc., and the industry is now on the verge of a qualitative change.
3.放款
3. Loans
对网络借贷而言，一般会在放款的同时完成电子合同的签订。运用区块链技术提升现有流程，目前比较可行的方案是将电子合同和借款人的必要数据上链，同时将数据共享给公证、司法仲裁机构和互联网法院，为后续的贷后管理及逾期处置做好准备。
In the case of network lending, electronic contracts are usually concluded at the same time as lending. Using block chain technology to upgrade existing processes, it is now feasible to chain electronic contracts and the necessary data of borrowers, while sharing data with notaries, judicial arbitration bodies and Internet courts to prepare for subsequent post-lending management and late disposal.
4.贷后监控
4. Post-credit monitoring
贷后监控将影响贷款的回收率，定期贷后检查必不可少。目前网络贷款行业在贷后监控环节已经逐步降低人工比例，但是，鉴于借贷业务模式和放款种类的限制，无法做到完全的自动化操作。
Post-lending surveillance will affect the recovery rate of loans, and periodic post-lending checks are essential.
若借贷过程中引入通证模型，则可以通过区块链智能合约技术，事先制定贷后检查规则，由事件触发智能合约自动预警，自动执行停止放贷，通证资产冻结等操作。可以在第一时间对风险事项进行处理，避免人工处理滞后带来损失。
If a pass model is introduced in the lending process, it can be done through block chain smart contract technology, pre-empting post-prior inspection rules, triggering automatic warning of smart contracts by events, automating the suspension of lending, a pass freeze, and so on.
5.逾期处置
5. Overdue disposal
当贷款逾期和出现坏账的时候，将引发催收和担保实现，即要求处置抵质押品，或者要求保证人履行担保职责。现实生活中，这个处置流程一般都需数月。而资产上链后，通过智能合约可轻易实现借款人或保证人链上资产的处置，极大的提升网络借贷的效率。投资人在逾期等问题上面临的风险降低之后，会促进更多的资金进入网络借贷行业，从而改变行业的困顿之局。
When a loan is overdue and bad debts occur, it triggers a call for collection and guarantee, i.e. requiring the delivery of a pledge, or the guarantor to perform the guarantee. In real life, this process usually takes months.
令人欣慰的是，区块链行业的先行者们已经在借贷领域做了很多尝试。
It is gratifying to note that many attempts have been made by pioneers in the block chain industry in the area of lending.
数字货币质押借贷领域，目前参与者众多，项目非常活跃，颇有当年千团大战、P2P大战的阵势。国内外项目如SALT、ETHLend、CRED、MakerDAO、LendChain、Social Lending、币币贷、贝宝等均涉足了这一领域。主要模式有质押数字货币兑换数字货币、质押数字货币兑换稳定币、质押数字货币兑换法币等，借款形式上和网络借贷最为相似，包括了C2C、B2C等。
In the field of digital money pledge lending, there is a large number of participants, projects are very active, and there were a thousand wars and P2P wars. Projects at home and abroad, such as SALT, ETHLend, CRED, MakerDAO, Lend Chain, Social Lending, Currency Loans, Bébo, etc., are all involved in this area.
信用借款领域，Suretly项目采用多人担保模式，每个借款人需要得到几十个保证人的担保才能得到贷款。若借款人未还款，每个担保人需负担属于自己负责的那一小部分借款。实现担保流程、征信去中心化，实现风险充分分散。
In the area of credit lending, the Suretly project uses the multi-person guarantee model, whereby each borrower needs guarantees from dozens of guarantors to obtain a loan. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, each guarantor has to bear the small portion of the borrowing for which it is responsible.
要打造一个基于区块链的网络借贷产业，除了各种不同的贷款平台外，还需要一些基础设施。这样的项目包括： GXChain，旨在打造可信数据的价值网络；Dharma，目标是为开发人员提供必要的工具和标准用于开发在线贷款平台；Bloom将信用评估引入区块链领域；原力协议打造全球去中心化P2P借贷协议，解决P2P借贷信任问题，使得借贷平台方便快捷的开发去中心化借贷应用，共享全球借贷订单；以及前述的Civic、本体等项目。
A network lending industry based on block chains requires infrastructure in addition to a variety of lending platforms. Such projects include: GX Chain, which aims to build a value network of credible data; Dharma, which aims to provide developers with the tools and criteria necessary to develop an online lending platform; Bloom, which introduces credit evaluation into the block chain; the GLA, which builds a global decentralised P2P lending agreement, addresses the P2P lending trust problem, and allows the lending platform to be developed quickly to centralize lending applications and share global lending orders; and the aforementioned Civic, home-grown, etc.
未来，随着底层公链及联盟链技术的成熟，借贷相关基础设施的完善，势必能解决当前的信用价值传递难题，实现信贷全流程自动化、去中心化管理。而数字资产、特别是实体资产的通证化，将给网络借贷带来更多的发展和想象空间，极大的促进社会生产力和经济的提升。
In the future, as the technology of the bottom public and union chains matures, lending-related infrastructure can resolve the current credit-value transfer challenge, automates the credit process and decentralize its management. Digital assets, especially physical assets, will provide more room for growth and imagination in net lending, greatly contributing to social productivity and economic growth.
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论