区块链的起源、定义和发展
Origin, definition and development of the block chain
吴国发
Oh Guofang!
（2020年12月14日）
(14 December 2020)
吴国发按：从2009年1月比特币和区块链相继诞生起，区块链和比特币逐渐引起全世界科技界、企业界和政府的重视。比特币的价格时涨时落，近几年大起大落。2020年10月24日，中共中央政治局集体学习区块链。此后，经过媒体炒作，中国掀起了区块链热潮。为了帮助各界有关人士和政府有关部门的干部了解区块链，我决定就区块链的起源、定义、发展、分类、架构、技术、应用、问题、风险等，撰写、发表六篇论文。这六篇论文的标题（今后可能会有个别改变）如下：
On 24 October 2020, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China studied the chain of blocks. Since the birth of Bitcoin and the block chain in January 2009, the block chain and bitcoin have gradually attracted the attention of the scientific and technological community, the business community and the government around the world. The price of bitcoin has been rising and falling in recent years. On 24 October 2020, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China studied the chain of blocks. Since then, China has developed the chain of blocks. In order to help people from all walks of life and government officials understand the chain, I have decided to write and publish six papers on the origin, definition, development, classification, structure, technology, application, problems, risks, etc. of the block chain. The titles of these six papers (which may change individually in the future) are as follows:
（1）区块链的起源、定义和发展；
(1) Origin, definition and development of the block chain;
（2）区块链的分类、架构和技术；
(2) Classification, structure and technology of the block chain;
（3）区块链的应用、问题和风险；
(3) The application, problems and risks of the block chain;
（4）区块链与比特币和电子货币；
(4) Block chains with bitcoin and electronic currency;
（5）比特币和区块链的创建者是谁？
(5) Who created the bitcoin and block chain?
（6）比特币和区块链是大阴谋吗？
(6) Is Bitcoin and block chains a big conspiracy?
内容提要：比特币和区块链起源于中本聪在2008年11月1日发表的论文；诞生于2009年1月。此后，区块链和比特币逐渐引起人们的重视。本文说明了比特币和区块链的起源，阐述了区块链的定义，介绍了区块链在外国和中国的发展状况。
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Bitcoin and block chains originated in a paper published by Nakamoto on 1 November 2008; they were born in January 2009. Since then, block chains and bitcoins have gained increasing attention. This paper describes the origins of bitcoins and block chains, sets out the definition of block chains and describes their development in foreign countries and China.
关键词：区块链 比特币 中本聪 bitcoin blockchain P2P
Keyword: block chain bitcoin blockchain P2P
区块链是一个信息技术领域的术语。区块链起源于比特币，其历史只有12年。从本质上讲，区块链是一个共享数据库。存储于区块链中的数据或信息具有“不可伪造”、“可以追溯”、“集体维护”等特征。区块链技术是多种技术的组合。区块链还在幼年时期，技术不成熟。区块链具有广阔的运用前景，但是应用成功实例很少，应用风险很大。
The block chain is a term for information technology. The block chain originates in Bitcoin and has a history of only 12 years. In essence, the block chain is a shared database. Data or information stored in the block chain has features such as “unforcable”, “retroactive” and “collective maintenance”.
区块链的起源
Origin of the block chain
区块链起源于比特币（bitcoin）。
The block chain originates in bitcoin.
2008年11月1日，一位自称中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人在一个隐秘的电子邮件平台“密码朋克”上发表了一篇名为《比特币：一种点对点式的电子现金系统》（Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System）的论文。在这篇论文里，作者详细阐述了基于P2P（Peer-to-Peer）网络技术、加密技术、时间戳技术等区块链技术的电子现金系统的理论，创立了去中心化的电子交易体系。这标志着比特币的诞生。
On November 1, 2008, a paper entitled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System was published by a self-proclaimed Satoshi Nakamoto on a secret e-mail platform, the code punk, creating decentralised electronic trading systems based on P2P (Peer-to-Peer) network technology, encryption technology, time stamp technology, etc.
两个月后，中本聪的理论进入实践阶段。2009年1月3日，中本聪建立的第一个序号为0的“创世区块”诞生，这也是第一个比特币诞生。六天后，2009年1月9日，出现了序号为1的区块，并与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链。这标志着区块链的诞生。创世区块、1号区块都是中本聪创建的；把它们连接成为链也是中本聪做的。
Six days later, on 9 January 2009, blocks with serial number 1 appeared and were linked to the creation block with serial number 0. This marked the birth of a chain of blocks. Inventive blocks and block No. 1 were created by medium-hearing; and it was made by middle-hearing to link them to the chain of chains.
【注：中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)究竟是谁？请看我将要发表的论文《比特币和区块链的创建者是谁？》】
[Note: Who is Satosh Nakamoto? See the paper I'm about to publish, "Who created the Bitcoin and Block Chains?"]
近年来，世界各国政府对比特币的态度反复不定；有关专业人士对比特币和区块链的态度也大相径庭。但是，作为比特币的基本技术“区块链技术”则日益受到重视。
In recent years, the attitude of the world’s governments has been volatile, and the attitude of the professionals involved has been very different. But the basic technology of Bitcoin, “block chain technology,” is increasingly valued.
区块链的定义
Definition of block chains
目前，世界上还没有被有关专业人士普遍接受的区块链的定义。下面是本文作者给出的定义。
There is no universally accepted definition of block chains in the world. Here is the definition given by the author.
狭义地说，区块链（blockchain）是一种将数据区块按时间顺序相连的链式、不可篡改和不可伪造的分布式账本（Ledger）。
In a narrow sense, the block chain (blockchain) is a chain, non-frozen and non-falseable distribution book (Ledger) that links the data blocks in chronological order.
广义地说，区块链（blockchain）是一种按照时间顺序将若干数据区块相连的链式、无中心、不可篡改、不可伪造、集体维护、全程留下痕迹、交易可以追溯的分布式账本（数据库）。这里，每一个“数据区块”记录了一组交易状态信息；“分布式”是指在一个对等（P2P，Peer-to-Peer）网络中，各个节点通过平等的相互传递信息来通信和协调行动；“账本”（Ledger）是一个非关系型数据库，即NoSQL数据库。
Broadly speaking, block chains (blockchain) are a chain, non-centre, non-falseable, non-falseable, group maintenance, full-way footprints, and traceable distribution of transactions (databases). Here, each “data block” records a set of transactional status information; “distribution” refers to communication and coordination of actions by means of equal communication of information between points in a reciprocal (P2P, Peer-to-Peer) network; the “Ledger” is an off-the-shelf database, known as the NoSQL database.
区块链的发展
Development of the block chain
（A）区块链在外国的发展
(A) Development of block chains in foreign countries
2008年11月1日，由中本聪第一次提出了区块链的概念和理论。
On 1 November 2008, for the first time, the concept and doctrine of the block chain was presented by Nakamoto.
2009年1月，比特币和区块链相继诞生。在区块链的发展进程中，这时的区块链是第一代区块链，称为区块链1.0。第一代区块链是电子货币的区块链。
In January 2009, Bitcoin and block chains were born sequentially. In the process of developing the block chain, the block chain was the first-generation block chain, known as the block chain 1.0. The first-generation block chain is the block chain of electronic currency.
在随后的几年中，区块链成为电子货币比特币交易的公共账簿，逐渐引起人们的重视。
In the years that followed, the block chain became the public ledger for electronic currency bitcoin transactions, which gained increasing attention.
2014年，区块链2.0（第二代区块链）成为去中心化数据库的代名词。第二代区块链的主要特点是交易的智能协议。区块链2.0技术不需要“价值交换中担任金钱和信息仲裁的中介机构”。
In 2014, the block chain 2.0 (second-generation block chain) became a proxy for decentralizing the database. The main feature of the second-generation block chain is the smart protocol for transactions.
2015年10月，英国《经济学人》杂志发表了《信任机器—比特币背后的技术如何改变世界》（The Trust Machine: How the technology behind the bitcoin could change the world）的封面文章。这篇文章是区块链发展的一个里程碑。它使区块链的风暴席卷全球。文章使人们认识到，比特币底层技术区块链比比特币本身价值更大。区块链技术让人们在既没有中心权威机构的监督和管理，又没有金钱和信息仲裁的中介机构，就能够进行可信的交易。从此，世界一些大公司和银行，包括美国高盛公司、花旗银行、美联储、英国央行等，纷纷投资区块链。
In October 2015, the British Journal of Economists published a cover article on "Trust Machine: How the technology behind the world behind the bitcoin could change the world. This article is a milestone in the development of the block chain. It brings a storm of the block chain across the globe.
2016年1月，美国梅兰妮?斯万(Melanie Swan)发表《区块链：新经济蓝图及导读》（Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy）。作者把超越货币、金融范围的区块链应用归结为区块链3.0（第三代区块链）。第三代区块链是分布式人工智能和组织的区块链。
In January 2016, Melanie Swan of the United States published Block Chains: A New Economic Blueprint and Guidance (Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy). The author attributed the monetary and financial block chain application to the block chain of 3.0 (third-generation block chain). The third-generation block chain is a distributed artificial intelligence and organized block chain.
从2015年10月至2019年10月，比特币的价格一路攀升。在2009年1月3日中本聪建立“创世区块”、第一个比特币诞生时，1美元可以买到1300枚比特币，即一个比特币只值0.09美分。到2016年，一个比特币曾经上涨到1200美元。到2018年5月和2019年10月，一个比特币曾经上涨到20000多美元，比第一个比特币上涨了2600万倍！在比特币峰值时，全世界的比特币总市值超过3千亿美元。
By 2016, a bitcoin had risen to $1,200. By May 2018 and October 2019, a bitcoin had risen to more than $20,000, 26 million more than the first bitcoin. At the peak of Bitcoin, the world’s total Bitcoin was worth more than $3 trillion.
（B）区块链在中国的发展
(B) Development of block chains in China
区块链在中国曲折地发展。由于中国网民的参与，使比特币价格暴涨。暴涨之后，比特币的价格呈现波浪式走向。近几年，比特币的前几个大“资金池”（称为比特币“矿池”）都在中国境内的网上。
The price of Bitcoin rose sharply, thanks to the participation of Chinese netizens. After the surge, the price of Bitcoin became wave-like.
2013年12月5日，中国人民银行、工信部、银监会、证监会和保监会五部委联合发布《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，开始加强对比特币的管理和监督。
On 5 December 2013, the five ministries of the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of Labour and Communications, the Silver Supervisory Board, the CSRC and the Committee on Protection against the Risk of Bitcoin issued a joint circular, which began to strengthen the management and supervision of Bitcoin.
2016年1月20日，中国人民银行数字货币研讨会宣布对数字货币研究取得阶段性成果。会议肯定了数字货币在降低传统货币发行等方面的价值，并表示央行在探索发行数字货币。
On January 20, 2016, the People's Bank of China seminar on digital currency announced a phased outcome to the digital currency study. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing traditional currency distribution, among other things, and stated that central banks were exploring digital currency distribution.
2016年12月20日，数字货币联盟——中国FinTech数字货币联盟和FinTech研究院正式筹建。
On 20 December 2016, the Digital Monetary Union, the Digital Monetary Union of FinTech, China, and the FinTech Institute were officially established.
2019年1月10日，国家互联网信息办公室发布《区块链信息服务管理规定》，自2019年2月15日起施行。
On 10 January 2019, the National Internet Information Office issued the Regulation on the Management of Block Chain Information Services, which became effective on 15 February 2019.
2020年10月24日，中共中央政治局就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行第十八次集体学习。习近平总书记主持学习，并且强调：“把区块链作为核心技术自主创新的重要突破口”；“加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展”。从此，区块链走进中国大众的视野，成为社会关注的焦点之一。经过媒体炒作，中国掀起了区块链热潮。
On 24 October 2020, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China conducted its eighteenth collective study on the current state of and trends in the technological development of the block chain. The Secretary-General, Xi Jinping, led the study and stressed that “the block chain is an important entry point for core technological autonomy and innovation”; and “the acceleration of technological and industrial innovation in the block chain.” Since then, the block chain has moved into the eyes of the Chinese public and has become one of the focus of public attention.
但是，比特币和区块链技术及其应用有很多问题，存在巨大风险。
However, the technologies of Bitcoin and block chains and their applications have many problems and great risks.
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