华夏时报（www.chinatimes.net.cn）记者 赵奕 胡金华 上海报道
Reporter of the Summer Times (www.chinatimes.net.cn)
近期，上海不断加强对虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的整治力度。6月15日，上海发改委印发《上海市2022年碳达峰碳中和及节能减排重点工作安排》，其中指出，严格实施节能审查、环境影响评价，坚决遏制高耗能、高排放、低水平项目盲目发展，严肃整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动，加强监督执法。
More recently, Shanghai has continued to strengthen the management of the virtual currency “mining” activities. On 15 June, the Shanghai Commission for the Reform of the Shanghai Development Commission issued the Shanghai Market's Priority Work Programme for Carbon-Effecting and Energy-Conserving Emissions Reductions in 2022, which states that energy efficiency reviews and environmental impact assessments should be strictly enforced, and that the blind development of energy-intensive, high-emission, low-level projects should be firmly curbed, the virtual currency “mining” activities should be seriously addressed and law enforcement should be strengthened.
而在此前的6月13日，上海市政府官网发布了《上海市经济信息化委、市发展改革委关于签署“不参与虚拟货币‘挖矿’行为信用承诺书”的通知》。《通知》显示，上海市正在全面梳理、核查虚拟货币“挖矿”行为，并开展整治工作。为促进各数据中心运营企业自查自纠，合法合规运营，《通知》要求，各企业立刻对各自企业及下属管理企业运营的数据中心相关情况开展自查，有虚拟货币“挖矿”和交易活动，或发现有用户开展相关活动的，应及时按相关通知要求进行整改，停止虚拟货币“挖矿”和交易活动。此外，签署信用承诺书，自主承诺本企业及下属管理企业不参与虚拟货币“挖矿”和交易活动。
On 13 June, the Shanghai Municipal Government Network issued a circular on the signing of a “Credit of Credit Commitments for Non-Participation in Virtual Currency Mining” by the Shanghai Municipal Economic Information Commission and the Municipal Development Reform Commission. The circular indicates that the Shanghai City is in the process of overhauling, verifying and overhauling virtual currency “mining” operations. In order to facilitate self-censorship and legal compliance by the data centres, the circular requires enterprises to immediately conduct a self-censorship of the data centres operated by their enterprises and their subsidiaries, with a virtual currency “mining” and trading activities, or where users are found to be engaged in related activities, and that the virtual currency “mining” and trading activities should be modified in a timely manner in accordance with the relevant notification requirements.
“我国对虚拟货币挖矿行为进行整治从去年就已经开始，表明炒币行为风险极高，不被主流渠道所认同，从各类政策对比特币的‘围堵’来看，炒作虚拟币既不符合主流风向，也会给自有资金带来极大风险。随着央行数字人民币项目的不断推进，官方性质的数字货币发展路径日趋明朗，其他‘代币’‘虚拟币’等发展的空间会愈发狭窄。”易观分析金融行业高级分析师苏筱芮对《华夏时报》记者表示。
“At the beginning of the past year, our country’s reform of virtual currency mining has shown that it is highly risky and unconvinced by mainstream sources, and that it is not in keeping with the mainstream trend in the ‘circumstance’ of the various policies of bitcoin, and that it poses a great risk to its own funds. As the central bank’s digital renminbi project progresses, the path to official digital currency development becomes clearer, and the space for other ‘demonstration’ ‘virtual’ developments becomes more narrow.
将虚拟货币“挖矿”活动整治进行到底
fixes the virtual currency “mining” campaign to
正值全国节能宣传周，《华夏时报》记者注意到，近日，除上海外，广东省能源局、广东省通信管理局也表示，将加大力度，将虚拟货币“挖矿”活动整治工作进行到底，坚决维护互联网健康安全秩序，推动经济社会高质量发展。
On the occasion of the National Energy Conservation Week, the Washington Times journalist noted that, in recent days, in addition to overseas, the Guangdong Province Energy Agency and the Guangdong Province Communications Authority have also indicated that they will intensify their efforts to bring the virtual currency “mining” to a close, to maintain a healthy and safe Internet environment and to promote high-quality economic and social development.
日前，山西省发改委发布《关于虚拟货币“挖矿”用电实行差别电价政策有关事项的通知》，决定自5月10日起对虚拟货币“挖矿”用电执行差别电价政策。此番，山西省发改委决定对虚拟货币“挖矿”用电每千瓦时加价1元（含税），并根据整治情况予以动态调整。其后，山西省发改委将会同有关部门确定并及时提供虚拟货币“挖矿”名单相关信息。随后，陕西省发改委也发布了《陕西省发展和改革委员会关于虚拟货币“挖矿”用电实行差别电价的通知》。
Until now, CDRC has issued a circular on matters related to differential pricing of electricity for the virtual currency “mining” and has decided to implement a differential price policy for electricity for the virtual currency “mining” as of 10 May. In this case, the CDRC has decided to increase the price of electricity per kilowatt hour for the virtual currency “mining” and to adjust it dynamically in the light of the correction.
上海市华荣律师事务所高级合伙人、律师孙毅向《华夏时报》记者表示，由于虚拟货币挖矿对能源消耗极大，不利于社会现阶段对节能减排的要求。同时，由于该领域虚拟货币生产以及交易存在着非常多的衍生风险，也不利于社会经济的稳定发展。另外，“挖矿”也会一定程度增加网络安全风险，在个人信息数据越来越重要的当今社会，这一行为甚至会在经济发展之外增加社会不安定因素，影响到社会稳定。近期我国多省对这一行为的整治也是为了维护市场经济秩序、金融秩序的必然要求。
Moreover, “mining” would increase the risk of cyber-security to a certain extent, and in a society that is becoming increasingly important for personal information data, an act that would even increase social instability beyond economic development and affect social stability, given the enormous energy consumption of virtual currency mining and the current demands of society for energy-saving reductions. At the same time, it would be detrimental to the socio-economic stability of the country’s recent provinces, given the many derivative risks associated with the production and trade of virtual currency in this area.
值得注意的是，虚拟货币“挖矿”活动已于今年1月被列入《产业结构调整指导目录》（2019年本）淘汰类，属“落后生产工艺装备”范畴。虚拟货币“挖矿”活动违反《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法（2018修正）》《中华人民共和国节约能源法》等法律法规。
It is worth noting that the virtual currency “mining” campaign, which was included in the Industrial Structural Adjustment Directory (2019 edition) in January of this year, falls under the category of “deteriorating production process equipment.” The virtual currency “mining” activity is in violation of laws and regulations such as the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, the Law on the Promotion of the Revolving Economy of the People's Republic of China (amended 2018), and the Energy Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China.
关于虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的风险，孙毅表示，首先，在行政责任上，虚拟货币挖矿的行为已被列入《产业结构调整指导目录》淘汰类，根据《循环经济促进法》第50条、《节约能源法》第71条规定，使用列入淘汰名录的技术、工艺、设备、材料的，可没收违法使用的设备、材料，并处五万元以上二十万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，可责令停业或关闭；其次，在刑事责任上，如果货币涉嫌赃款赃物，根据《刑法》第191条、第312条规定，则会涉嫌构成洗钱罪和掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪。
With regard to the risks of the “mining” of the virtual currency, the Sun Yi stated, firstly, that, in terms of administrative liability, the mining of the virtual currency had been included in the category of phase-out of the Industrial Structural Adjustment Directory, and that under article 50 of the Act on the Promotion of the Recycled Economy and article 71 of the Act on Energy Conservation, the use of technologies, processes, equipment and materials included in the list could constitute a crime of money-laundering and the concealment and concealment of proceeds of crime under articles 191 and 312 of the Criminal Code.
孙毅强调，因虚拟货币本身价值存在极大的波动幅度，普通投资者若操作不当或者遇到一些特殊的波动期间，容易有较大的亏损，投资风险极大；其次，虚拟货币常态化的匿名交易使得投资者并不了解交易对象的相关信息，除了可能会有陷入错误认识被欺诈的风险外，还容易卷入洗钱、非法经营等相关刑事案件中，存在较大的刑事风险；另外，投资者需注意自身的信息安全相关风险，防止“挖矿”过程中因病毒感染等导致个人信息以及相关数据信息的泄漏，影响到投资者自身的人身财产安全。
Sun Yi stressed that because of the high volatility in the value of the virtual currency itself, ordinary investors are vulnerable to greater losses and investment risks if they are misoperated or encounter particular periods of volatility; secondly, anonymous transactions in virtual currency normalization leave investors unaware of the relevant information about the subject of the transaction and, in addition to the risk of false perceptions of fraud, are vulnerable to a greater criminal risk in related criminal cases such as money-laundering, illegal operations, etc.; furthermore, investors need to be aware of their information security-related risks to prevent the leakage of personal and related data, such as virus-related infections, in the “mining” process, affecting the personal property security of investors themselves.
比特币矿主“骑虎难下”
bitcoinminer
自2021年起，我国便开始严厉整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动。
Since 2021, the country has severely regulated the “mining” of virtual currency.
2021年5月25日，内蒙古发改委发布《关于坚决打击惩戒虚拟货币“挖矿”行为八项措施（征求意见稿）》，大力限制内蒙古矿场的运营。2021年6月9日，青海省工业和信息化厅下发《关于对虚拟货币“挖矿”项目开展清理整顿工作的通知》，要求青海省各地区有关虚拟货币“挖矿”行为开展清理整顿。根据《四川省发展和改革委员会、四川省能源局关于清理关停虚拟货币“挖矿”项目的通知》文件显示，2021年6月20日之前需要停止四川内所有矿场的运营。
On 25 May 2021, the Inner Mongolia Development and Reform Commission (NAMRC) issued the Eight Measures (Advisory Drafts) on the Resolute Fight against the Punishment of Virtual Currency Mining, which severely restricted the operation of Inner Mongolia's mines. On 9 June 2021, the Ministry of Qinghai Department of Industry and Informatization issued a circular on the clean-up of the Virtual Currency Mining Project, which called for the clean-up of the virtual currency “mining” in all areas of Qinghai Province. According to the circular on the Sichuan Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Sichuan Province Energy Authority's closure of the Virtual Currency “Drawing” project, the operation of all mining sites in Sichuan will have to be suspended by 20 June 2021.
在此之前，我国曾是比特币等加密货币的挖矿产业主要聚集地，根据英国剑桥大学的数据显示，中国一度占据比特币65.08%的算力。在我国全面禁止挖矿产业之后，美国在此领域取代中国成为了挖矿产业聚集地。来自Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance（CCAF）的数据显示，自中国全面禁止挖矿产业之后，主要来自美国的矿工已经逐渐接管了比特币的全球采矿业务。截至2021年9月底，美国占全球算力的35.4%，是2020年9月的四倍多。
Prior to that, we were the main conglomerates of the mining industry for encrypted currency such as Bitcoin, where, according to data from the University of Cambridge in England, China once occupied 65.08% of Bitcoin. After our total ban on mining, the United States replaced China as a conglomerator. Data from Cambridge Center for International Mining (CCAF) show that, since China’s total ban on mining, miners from the United States have gradually taken over Bitcoin’s global mining operations. As of the end of September 2021, the United States accounted for 35.4 per cent of global capacity, more than four times that of September 2020.
值得注意的是，本周比特币等加密货币价格集体“跳水”，6月17日，比特币价格再次跌破2.1万美元，与历史峰值相比以下跌近70%。与此同时，比特币矿商也正在缩减产量，加密货币价格下跌和能源成本上升挤压了其利润，导致其股价暴跌。数据显示，在过去一个月，全球最大的上市比特币矿企之一的马拉松数字的股价下跌了约40%，另一家知名矿企Argo Blockchain的股价下跌了35%。
It is worth noting that this week, the price of encrypted currencies, such as Bitcoin, has collectively “dived” and again, on 17 June, bitcoin prices fell by almost 70%, compared with historical peaks. At the same time, Bitcoin miners are cutting production, and the price of encoded currency prices and energy costs have squeezed their profits, leading to a sharp fall in their stock prices.
据英国金融时报中文网报道，马拉松数字公司的发言人查理·舒马赫称：“这个行业有很多矿商受到能源价格波动的影响。因此，他们正感受到来自两个不同方向的压力：高成本加上每枚比特币产生的收入下降。”
According to the British Financial Times in Chinese, the spokesman for Marathon Digitals, Charlie Schumacher, said: “There are many miners in this industry who are affected by energy price fluctuations. So they are feeling pressure from two different directions: high costs plus lower income from bitcoins.”
舒马赫还称，过去曾向银行或市场寻求资金的公司现在发现更难了；股市下跌，融资需求减弱，同时利率上升。这可能会迫使其他公司关闭业务或放弃购买更多电脑的计划，“在某些情况下，由于资金紧张和利润缩水，一些人已经开始取消订单。”
Schumacher also stated that companies that had sought funds from banks or markets in the past were now finding it more difficult; the stock market had fallen, the demand for financing had diminished, and interest rates had risen. This could force other companies to close their operations or abandon their plans to buy more computers, “in some cases, owing to financial constraints and shrinking profits, some have begun to cancel orders.”
中国人民大学国际货币所研究员陈佳向本报记者表示，加密资产行业价格暴跌，对挖矿造成了严重影响。以比特币为例，比特币最新的价格已接近2万美元的临界值，而挖矿的总成本却居高不下，这让很多矿主骑虎难下。如果未来比特币持续下跌，这些矿主必须考虑是否要退出这个行业的。除了影响成本收益，加密资产行业不断爆雷出现交易踩踏和金融老鼠仓现行，也是对挖矿行业的巨大打击。
Chen Jia, a researcher at the Chinese People’s University’s International Monetary Institute, said to reporters in the newspaper that the price of the encryption asset industry had a severe impact on mining. In Bitcoin, for example, the latest price of Bitcoin is close to the threshold of $20,000, while the total cost of mining remains high, making many miners vulnerable.
“尽管后期我们很可能会看到挖矿行业又一次陷入衰退，但从监管角度来看，针对挖矿行业的监管与金融反诈、反洗钱的监管一样，将会是长期的。”陈佳如是说。
“Although it is likely that later on we will see another recession in the mining industry, from a regulatory point of view, regulation of the mining industry will be as long-term as that of financial counter-fraud, anti-money-laundering.” Chen Jianxian, for example.
对此，苏筱芮认为，由于比特币被广泛定性为投机性资产，那么依附于投机性资产上的比特币挖矿产业同样具有投机属性，对于机构后续展业，建议认清市场存在的不确定性并尽可能分散风险，拓展多元化产品，避免单一业务风险带来的外部冲击。
In this regard, Su Nyari argues that, as Bitcoin is widely characterized as speculative assets, the bitcoin mining industry, which is dependent on speculative assets, is also speculative in nature. For institutional follow-up, it is recommended that market uncertainties be identified and risk spread as far as possible, diversified products be expanded and external shocks from single business risks avoided.
苏筱芮强调，建议参与机构与投资者应认清形势，远离当下鱼龙混杂且存在政策风险的加密货币市场，本周加密货币暴跌，使得虚拟币相关的市场信心再次动摇，从而会给挖矿行业的需求造成一定程度的波动。
Su Nai stressed that it was recommended that participating institutions and investors should be aware of the situation and stay away from the current market for encrypted currency, which was complex and exposed to policy risks, and that this week's sharp fall in encrypted currency had renewed market confidence in virtual currency-related issues, thereby creating a degree of volatility in the demand for mining industries.
责任编辑：徐芸茜 主编：公培佳
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