1994年，法律学者、密码学家Nick Szabo认识到智能合约的去中心化分类账的应用。他理论上认为，这些合同可以用代码编写，可以在系统上存储和复制，并由构成区块链的计算机网络进行监督。这些智能合约也可以帮助在某些条件下在各方之间转移数字资产。
1994 xff0c; legal scholar and cryptologist Nick Szabo recognized the application of decentralised ledgers for smart contracts. He argued that xff0c; that these contracts could be coded for xff0c; that they could be stored and copied on the system xff0c; and that they could be supervised by a network of computers that formed a block chain. These smart contracts could also facilitate the transfer of digital assets between parties under certain conditions.
智能合约（或称加密合约）是一种计算机程序，在一定条件下直接自动控制双方的数字资产转移。智能合约的工作方式与传统合约相同，同时也自动执行合约。智能合约是完全按照其创建者的设置（编码，编程）执行的程序。就像传统合同可由法律强制执行一样，智能合同可由代码强制执行。
Smart contracts xff08; or encryption contracts xff09; a computer program xff0c; direct automatic control of digital asset transfers between the parties under certain conditions. Smart contracts work in the same way as traditional contracts xff0c; they also automatically execute contracts. Smart contracts are fully in accordance with the setup of their founders xff08; code xff0c; programming xff09; enforcement procedures. Like traditional contracts can be enforced by law xff0c; smart contracts can be enforced by code.
比特币网络是第一个使用某种智能合约的，通过使用它们将价值从一个人转移到另一个人。
智能合约涉及采用基本条件，如检查要转移的价值量是否在发送者账户中实际可用。
The Bitcoin network is the first xff0c to use some kind of smart contract; transferring value from one person to another by using them.
smart contracts involve adopting basic conditions xff0c; e.g. checking whether the value to be transferred is actually available in the sender account.
后来，以太坊平台出现了，它被认为是更强大的，正是因为开发者/程序员可以用图灵完备的语言制作自定义合约。
xff0c; xff0c appears on the Taiwan platform; it is considered to be a stronger xff0c; precisely because developers/programmers can produce custom contracts in the perfect language of Turing.
需要注意的是，在比特币网络的情况下编写的合约是用图灵不完全语言编写的，限制了智能合约在比特币网络中的实施潜力。
Note should be taken of xff0c; contracts prepared in the context of the Bitcoin network are xff0c in an incomplete language of Turing; and the potential for intelligent contracts to be implemented in the Bitcoin network is limited.
有一些常见的智能合约平台，如Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot, Hyperledger fabric等。
There are common smart contract platforms & #xff0c; e.g. Etheeum, Solana, Polkadot, Hyperledger fabric, etc.
以下是智能合约的一些基本特征
分布式的
distributed
网络上的每个人都能保证拥有一份智能合约的所有条件，而且这些条件不能被其中一方改变。一个智能合约被连接到网络的所有节点复制和分发。
Everyone on the network can guarantee all the conditions for a smart contract xff0c; and these conditions cannot be changed by one of them. A smart contract is copied and distributed to all nodes connected to the network.
确定性
certainty
智能合约只有在满足所需条件的情况下才能执行其设计的功能。无论谁执行智能合约，最终的结果都不会改变。
Smart contracts can only perform their design functions if the required conditions are met. Whoever executes the smart contracts & #xff0c; the end result will not change.
不可改变性
integrable
一旦部署的智能合约不能被改变，只要以前执行的功能，它只能被删除。
Once deployed, the smart contract cannot be changed xff0c; as long as the previously performed function xff0c; it can only be deleted.
自主性
Autonomy
没有第三方参与。合同是由你制定的，并在各方之间共享。没有中间人参与，这最大限度地减少了欺凌，并授予交易各方充分的权力。此外，智能合约由网络上的所有节点维护和执行，因此从任何一方手中移走了所有控制权。
可定制。智能合约有能力进行修改，或者我们可以说在启动之前进行定制，以做用户想要做的事情。
透明：智能合约总是存储在一个叫做区块链的公共分布式账本上，由于这个原因，每个人都可以看到代码，无论他们是否是智能合约的参与者。
can be custom-made . Smart contracts have the ability to modify xff0c; or we can say custom xff0c before startup; do what users want to do.
Transparency xff1a; smart contracts are always stored on a public distribution book called block chains xff0c; for this reason xff0c; everyone can see the code xff0c; whether or not they are participants in a smart contract.
无信任 这些都不需要第三方来验证过程的完整性或检查是否满足所需的条件。
has no confidence , none of which requires a third party to verify the integrity of the process or to check whether the required conditions have been met.
自我验证。这些是由于自动化的可能性而自我验证的。
自我强化。当条件和规则在所有阶段都得到满足时，这些是自我加强的。
智能合约的能力
准确性：智能合约的准确性达到了程序员准确编码执行的极限。
Accuracy & #xff1a; Accuracy of smart contracts is at the limit of the programr's exact coding.
自动化。智能合约可以将人工完成的任务/过程自动化。
Automation. Smart contracts automate manual tasks/processes.
速度：智能合约使用软件代码将任务自动化，从而减少了操纵所有人类互动相关过程的时间。因为所有的事情都是编码的，做所有工作所需的时间就是智能合约中的代码执行的时间。
Speed xff1a; smart contracts automate tasks using software codes xff0c; thus reducing the time to manipulate all human interactions. Because everything is coded xff0c; the time it takes to do all the work is the time it takes to execute the code in the smart contracts.
备份。区块链中的每个节点都维护着共享账本，提供了可能是最好的备份设施。
Backup. Each node in the block chain maintains a shared account book & #xff0c; provides perhaps the best backup facility.
安全性。密码学可以确保资产的安全和健全。即使有人破解了加密技术，黑客也必须修改所有在被修改的区块之后的区块。请注意，这是一项高度困难和计算密集型的任务，对于一个中小型组织来说，实际上是不可能做到的。
Security. Cycology ensures the safety and integrity of assets. Even if someone cracks encryption technology xff0c; hackers have to modify all blocks after the modified blocks. Note xff0c; this is a highly difficult and computing-intensive task xff0c; xff0c for a small and medium-sized organization; it is practically impossible.
节省开支。智能合约可以节省资金，因为它们消除了过程中的中介机构。另外，花在文书工作上的钱也是最少的，甚至为零。
Savings. Smart contracts save money xff0c; they eliminate intermediaries in the process. And xff0c; the least money spent on paperwork xff0c; even zero.
管理信息。智能合约管理用户的协议，并存储关于一个应用程序的信息，如域名注册，会员记录等。
多签名账户。智能合约支持多签名账户，一旦所有参与方确认了协议，就可以立即分配资金。
Manages information. Smart contracts manage user agreements & #xff0c; and store information on an application xff0c; e.g. domain name registration xff0c; membership records, etc.
multi-signature accounts. Smart contracts support multi-signature accounts xff0c; funds can be allocated as soon as all participants confirm the agreement xff0c;
智能合约背后的想法非常简单。它们是在简单的逻辑基础上执行的，比如说IF-THEN。
The ideas behind smart contracts are very simple. They are implemented on the basis of simple logic #xff0c; for example, IF-THEN.
如果你发送对象A，那么这笔钱（加密货币）将被转移给你。
如果你转移一定数量的数字资产（加密货币，例如，乙醚，比特币），那么A对象将被转移给你。
如果我完成了工作，那么合同中提到的数字资产将被转移给我。
If you send the object A， then the money xff08; encrypt currency xff09; will be transferred to you.
If you transfer a certain amount of digital assets xff08; encrypt currency xff0c; e.g. xff0c; ether， Bitcoinxff09; xff0c; b/> If I complete my work xff0c; then the digital assets referred to in the contract will be transferred to me.
注：WHEN约束可以被添加到智能合约中，以包括时间因素。可以看出，这些智能合约有助于设置必须满足的条件，以执行合同协议的条款。你可以在你的智能合约中包含多少IF或THEN是没有限制的。
note ： WEN restraints can be added to smart contracts & #xff0c; to include time factors. It can be seen that & #xff0c; these smart contracts help set the conditions & #xff0c; implement the terms of the contract agreement. There is no limit to how many IFs or THENs you can include in your smart contracts.
智能合约工作原理
智能合约只是一个带有区块链安全编码的数字合约。
Smart contracts are just a digital contract with block chain security codes.
它有写在代码中的细节和权限，要求发生准确的事件序列，以触发智能合约中提到的条款的协议。
它还可以包括时间限制，可以在合同中引入最后期限。
每个智能合约在区块链中都有其地址。假设合同已在网络上广播，就可以通过使用其地址与合同进行互动。
It has details and permissions in the code & #xff0c; an agreement requiring the exact sequence of events & #xff0c; to trigger the terms mentioned in the smart contract.
It may also include time limits & #xff0c; it may introduce deadlines in the contract.
Each smart contract has its address in the block chain. Assuming that the contract is broadcast online xff0c; it can interact with the contract by using its address.
确定协议。多方确定合作机会和期望的结果，协议可以包括业务流程、资产互换等。
设定条件。智能合约可以由各方自己发起，或在满足某些条件时发起，如金融市场指数、GPS位置等事件。
编码业务逻辑。编写一个计算机程序，当条件参数得到满足时将自动执行。
加密和区块链技术。加密提供安全的认证和与智能合约有关的各方之间的信息传输。
执行和处理。在区块链迭代中，只要各方就认证和验证达成共识，那么代码就会被执行，并将结果记录在案，以便遵守和验证。
网络更新。在智能合约被执行后，网络上的所有节点都会更新他们的账本以反映新的状态。一旦记录在区块链网络上发布和验证，它就不能被修改，它只处于追加模式。
Determines the agreement. The result of multiple determinations of opportunities and expectations for cooperation xff0c; protocols can include business processes, asset swaps, etc.
sets the conditions. Smart contracts can be initiated by each party itself xff0c; or events xff0c; e.g. financial market index, GPS location etc.
code business logic.
coded a computer program xff0c; automatic execution when the parameters are met.
encryption and block chain technology.
encryption provides secure authentication and information transmission between parties associated with smart contracts.
executed and processed after the implementation of the smart contract. xff0c in the block chain. All sections of the network will be updated to reflect their new account #xff0c; the results will be recorded xff0c; the network will not be updated.
智能合约的应用
房地产。减少支付给中间人的钱，在实际参与的各方之间分配。例如，一旦一定数量的资源被转移到卖方的账户（或钱包），智能合约就可以转移公寓的所有权。
Real estate. Less money paid to middlemen xff0c; distributed among the parties actually involved. For example, xff0c; once a certain amount of resources is transferred to the seller's account xff08; or wallet xff09; xff0c; smart contracts can transfer ownership of apartments.
车辆所有权。一个智能合约可以部署在区块链上，记录车辆的维护和所有权。例如，智能合约可以强制执行每六个月一次的车辆维护服务；如果不执行，将导致驾驶执照被暂停。
Vehicle ownership. A smart contract can be deployed on the block chain xff0c; record the maintenance and ownership of the vehicle. For example, xff0c; a smart contract can enforce a six-monthly maintenance service xff1b; if xff0c is not executed; and will result in the suspension of the driving licence.
音乐行业。音乐行业可以在区块链中记录音乐的所有权。一个智能合约可以嵌入到区块链中，当歌曲被用于商业目的时，版税可以记入所有者的账户中。它也可以在解决所有权纠纷方面发挥作用。
Music industry. The music industry can record ownership of music in a block chain. A smart contract can be embedded in a block chain xff0c; xff0c when songs are used for commercial purposes; royalties can be recorded in the owner’s account. It can also play a role in resolving ownership disputes.
政府选举。一旦投票被记录在区块链上，就很难解密选民地址和修改投票，从而使人们对不良行为更有信心。
Government elections. Once the vote is recorded on the block chain xff0c; it is difficult to decipher the voter address and revise the vote xff0c; this leads to greater confidence in bad behaviour.
管理。区块链在管理方面的应用可以简化和自动化许多迟来的或推迟的决定。每个决定都是透明的，任何有权力的一方都可以使用（私人区块链上的应用）。例如，当生产了10吨塑料袋时，可以部署一个智能合约来触发原材料的供应。
Management. Block chain applications can simplify and automate many late or deferred decisions. Each decision is transparent xff0c; any empowered party can use xff08; applications on the private block chain xff09; e.g. xff0c; xff0c when 10 tons of plastic bags are produced; a smart contract can be deployed to trigger the supply of raw materials.
医疗保健。使用智能合约实现医疗保健支付流程的自动化可以防止欺诈。每次治疗都会在账本上登记，最后，智能合约可以计算出所有交易的总和。在支付账单之前，病人不能出院，可以在智能合约中进行编码。
Health care. Automation of the health care payment process using smart contracts prevents fraud. Each treatment is registered on the books xff0c; finalxff0c; smart contracts calculate the sum of all transactions. xff0c; patients cannot be discharged xff0c; they can be encoded in smart contracts.
智能合约为其他合约提供效用。例如，考虑一个在10天后向甲方转移资金的智能合约。10天后，上述智能合约将执行另一个智能合约，检查源账户（比方说乙方）是否有所需资金。
它们促进了 "多签名 "账户的实施，在这种情况下，只有在一定比例的人同意的情况下才会转移资产
智能合约可以将法律义务映射到一个自动化过程中。
如果智能合约实施得当，可以提供更大程度的合同安全。
Smart contracts provide benefits for other contracts. For example, xff0c; consider a smart contract to transfer funds to A after 10 days. xff0c after 10 days; the above-mentioned smart contract will execute another smart contract xff0c; check source account xff08; e.g. Bxff09; have the necessary funding.
they promote & #34; multiple signatures & #34; account implementation xff0c; xff0c in this case; the transfer of assets
smart contracts can only be made with the consent of a certain percentage of people.
If smart contracts are implemented xff0c; provide greater contractual security.
智能合约的优势
记录保存。所有合同交易都按时间顺序存储在区块链中，并可与完整的审计跟踪一起访问。然而，参与的各方可以通过密码学来保证完全的隐私。
Record-keeping. All contract transactions are stored in chronological order in block chains xff0c; they can be accessed with complete audit trails. However, xff0c; participants can guarantee full privacy by cryptography.
自主性。各方之间有直接的交易。智能合约消除了对中间人的需求，并允许与客户建立透明、直接的关系。
Autonomy. There are direct transactions between the parties. Smart contracts eliminate the demand for intermediaries #xff0c; and allow transparent and direct relationships with clients.
减少欺诈。欺诈性活动的检测和减少。智能合约存储在区块链中。强行修改区块链是非常困难的，因为它是计算密集型的。另外，违反智能合约的行为可以被网络中的节点检测到，这样的违规尝试会被标记为无效，不会存储在区块链中。
Reduction of fraud. Detection and reduction of fraudulent activity. Smart contracts are stored in block chains. It is very difficult to force changes in block chains xff0c; because they are computing-intensive. Also xff0c; breaches of smart contracts can be detected by nodes in the network xff0c; such non-compliance attempts are marked as invalid xff0c; they are not stored in block chains.
容错性。由于没有任何一个人或实体控制着数字资产，单方支配和一方退缩的情况不会发生，因为平台是去中心化的，所以即使一个节点脱离了网络，合同仍然是完整的。
Error tolerance. As no individual or entity controls digital assets & #xff0c; unilateral dispositions and retreats do not occur xff0c; because the platform is decentralized xff0c; even if a node is removed from the network xff0c; the contract is still complete.
增强信任。商业协议被自动执行和强制执行。另外，这些协议是不可改变的，因此是不可打破和不可否认的。
Increased trust. Commercial agreements are automatically enforced and enforced. Also xff0c; these are irrevocable xff0c; thus, they are unbreakable and undeniable.
成本效益。智能合约的应用消除了对中间人（经纪人、律师、公证员、证人等）的需求，从而降低了成本。同时也消除了文书工作，从而节省了纸张和资金。
Cost-effectiveness. The use of smart contracts eliminates the need for middlemen & #xff08; brokers, lawyers, notaries, witnesses, etc. & #xff09; xff0c; thereby reducing costs. And eliminates paperwork & #xff0c; thereby saving paper and money.
智能合约的挑战
没有法规。缺乏专注于区块链技术（以及智能合约、采矿等相关技术和加密货币等用例）的国际法规，使得这些技术难以监督。
No regulation. Lack of focus on block chain technology & #xff08; and examples of smart contracts, related technologies such as mining, and encrypted currency & #xff09; international regulations & #xff0c; making these technologies difficult to monitor.
难以实施。智能合约的实施也很复杂，因为它仍然是一个相对较新的概念，研究仍在继续，以充分了解智能合约及其影响。
Hard to implement. Smart contract implementation is also complicated xff0c; it is still a relatively new concept xff0c; research is continuing xff0c; to fully understand smart contracts and their implications.
不可改变。它们实际上是不可改变的。每当有变化必须纳入合同时，必须制定一个新的合同并在区块链上实施。
They are in fact immutable. Whenever there is a change that must be incorporated into the contract xff0c; a new contract must be developed and implemented on the block chain.
对齐性。智能合约可以加速跨越多方的执行过程，而不考虑智能合约是否与所有各方的意图和理解相一致。
Alignment. Smart contracts speed up implementation across multiple parties & #xff0c; and do not consider whether smart contracts are consistent with the intent and understanding of all parties.
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