文库精选(九篇)

在高中生物的新教材选修三专题一中，讲到了目的基因常用的的获取方法，其中第一种方法就是：从基因文库中获取目的基因。什么是基因文库？基因文库有哪些类型？如何构建cDNA文库？

Among the three topics of the new curriculum for high-school organisms, the first of which is access to the target gene, is the source gene from the genetic library. What is the genetic library? What are the types of genetic library? How do we build the c-DNA repository?

一、基因文库的概念

I. The concept of a genetic library

将某种生物体细胞内的总DNA、染色体DNA或者某一组织的mRNA反转录形成的DNA，用适当的限制酶将其切成一定范围大小的DNA片段，然后把这些DNA片段与载体连接起来，导入受体菌中储存，那么这个受体菌的群体就是这种生物的基因文库

The group of receptors is the gene library of the organism by cutting the total DNA, the DNA of the chromosome or the DNA of an tissue's mRNA inverted to a given range of DNA fragments with appropriate restraining enzymes and then connecting the DNA fragments to the carrier to be stored in the receptor fungi.

二、基因文库的类型

ii. Type of genetic library

如果受体菌的群体中包含了某种生物全部的DNA，那么这种文库叫做这种生物的基因组文库，简称G－基因文库。如果受体菌的群体中只包含了某种生物部分的DNA，那么这种文库叫做这种生物的部分基因文库，如cDNA文库。cDNA文库是把某种生物细胞内的mRNA反转录形成的DNA与载体相连接，导入受体菌构建而成的。

If the group of receptors contains the entire DNA of a given organism, this is called the genome library of this organism, the G-genetic library. If the group of receptors contains only the DNA of a certain biological component, it is called the genetic library of this organism, such as the c-DNA library.

三、构建基因文库的一般过程

III. General process of building the genetic library

构建DNA文库是基因工程的基本操作程序之一，包括下列步骤：

The building of a DNA library is one of the basic operating procedures for genetic engineering, including the following steps:

⑴载体DNA的制备。包括载体的提取和纯化、限制酶切割、非必须片段的去除、磷酸酶处理等步骤。

(1) Carrier DNA preparation. This includes steps such as carrier extraction and purity, restriction of enzyme cutting, removal of non-necessary fragments, treatment of phosphate enzyme.

⑵插入DN段的制备。对于基因组文库，这步包括基因组DNA的提取、部分酶切、分级分离等，对于cDNA文库，包括mRNA的提取、mRNA反转录的过程、寡核苷酸街头的加入等。

(2) The preparation of the DN inserts. For the genome library, this step includes the extraction of DNA from the genome, partial enzyme cutting, stratification, etc., and for the c-DNA library, including the extraction of mRNA, the process of mRNA retransactions, and the addition of street oligoate, etc.

⑶连接产生重组DNA。

(3) Links produce recombinant DNA.

⑷将重组DNA导入适当的受体菌中。

(4) Reorganization of DNA into appropriate receptor bacteria.

⑸筛选鉴别重组克隆以及扩增和保存文库。

(5) Screening for reconfigured cloning and expansion and preservation of the library.

从理论上讲，整个过程简单，但在实际得操作过程中，往往会遇到许多的困难。

Theoretically, the whole process is simple, but in practice it often encounters many difficulties.

一般来说，构建的基因文库应满足下述几点要求：

In general, a genetic library should meet the following requirements:

⑴构建的文库中包含的DNA序列，能代表全部的基因组序列或mRNA序列。这就要求克隆过程中尽可能随机化，不能具有偏向性。

(1) The DNA sequences contained in the constructed library represent the entire genome sequence or mRNA sequence. This requires that the cloning process be as random as possible and not biased.

⑵构建的文库便于扩增和贮存，以便进行多方面的研究。

(2) The library is constructed to facilitate expansion and storage for multi-faceted research.

⑶构建的文库既要有代表性，又要便于筛选。

(3) The library should be made representative and easily filtered.

四、cDNA文库的构建

IV. Construction of the DNA library

1、mRNA纯化

1. mRNA Purification

构建一个cDNA文库的第一步是分离在某一给定的组织或细胞内表达的mRNA。mRNA仅占细胞总RNA的1%～5%，因而需要另外的纯化技术来富集mRNA。从细胞总RNA中分离mRNA是根据实际上所有真核细胞 mRNA 3'端有一长的伸展的腺嘌呤核苷，这个序列被称为poly(A)尾巴，是mRNA分子特有的而其他主要RNA 没有，poly(A)尾通常有足够的长度因而能与人工合成的互补的寡脱氧胸苷酸（oligo(dT)）杂交。正是这种特性使得mRNA从RNA分子的混合物中分离出来。方法有三种：

The first step in building a c-DNA library is to separate mRNA expressed in a given tissue or cell. MRNA accounts for only 1-5% of the total cell size of RNA, and therefore requires another purer technology to enrich mRNA. The separation of mRNA from the cell total RNA is based on a long stretch of gland nucleotide at the end of which all real nuclear cells mRNA3', a sequence known as poly (A) tail, which is unique to mRNA molecules and not other major RNAs. Polly(A) tails usually have sufficient length to allow complementarities with artificially synthesized oligo (dT). This characteristic separates mRNA from a mixture of RNA molecules in three ways:

?寡脱氧胸苷酸亲和层析：即分离mRNA的标准方法，将一个寡脱氧胸苷酸（12~18碱基）连接到纤维素的亲和层析柱法，总RNA混合物上样后，mRNA与寡脱氧胸苷酸退火。非poly(A)RNA不结合并很容易从柱子 洗去。用低盐缓冲液洗柱，己结合的mRNA很快洗脱出来。

♪ OXOXY PTS filiation and condensation: a standard method for separating mRNA, which connects an oOXysteric pneumatic acid (12-18 base) to a cellulose prosthesis column, and when the total RNA mixture is sampled, the mRNA and the oXOXy Physioric acid cools off. Non-poly(A) RNA is not integrated and can easily be washed out of the column. The mRNA that is integrated with the low salt buffer is quickly removed.

?溶液杂交：本方案也用寡脱氧胸苷酸－纤维素，但不用层析柱，而是将基质直接加到总RNA溶液中。退火和洗涤步骤通过离心含有RNA沉淀的基质在溶液中完成。

Solution hybrids: The program also uses oligooxyprocetonic acid-cellulose, but does not use a layered column to add the matrix directly to the total RNA solution.

?生物素标记寡脱氧胸苷酸和链霉亲和素包被磁性球珠：本方案中，一个生物素标记的寡脱氧胸苷酸酸引物在溶液中与总RNA退火，然后加入以链霉亲和素包被的磁性球珠，用磁分离器从大量溶液中分离球珠－mRNA复全体。移去磁分离器，加入洗脱缓冲液，并重复磁性分离步骤。在无盐的状态下，寡脱氧胸苷酸引物从mRNA上解离。

Biosilent markers of oxysteric pelvic acid and streptic cytocyte and streptic bags are pellets of magnetic pelvis: In this program, a biosynchronous olix-marked ultraoxyprocetic acid refires with the total RNA in the solution and then joins the magnetized pellets that are strung in the crayon and packaged with the magnetized separators to separate the ball-mRNA from the bulk of the solution. Remove the magnet separators, add the dehydrated bufferion and repeat the magnetic separation steps. In a saltless state, the oxerobic pelvic acid is removed from the mRNA.

2、cDNA第一条链的合成

2. Synthesis of the first chain of DNA

所有合成cDNA第一条链的方法都要用依赖于RNA的DNA聚合酶（反转录酶）来催化反应，有两个关键的因素，一个是mRNA模板，另一个反转录酶。

All methods of synthesizing the first chain of DNA are used to catalyze reactions with DNA polymerases (ARNAs), which depend on RNAs, with two key factors: the mRNA template and the reverse enzyme.

目前商业化的反转录酶主要有两种：一种是禽源反转录酶(reverse transcriptase)，另一种是鼠源反转录酶。一般反转录过程都是采用鼠源反转录酶。GIBCO-BRL公司出品一种鼠源反转录酶，称为SUPERSCRIPT反转录酶，缺少C-末端180个氨基酸，完全去除了其RNAase H酶活性，保持完整的DNA聚合酶活性。

There are two main types of anti-transformation enzymes currently commercialized: one is a bird-source reversion enzyme and the other is a rat-source reversion enzyme. The general reversion process is the use of a rat-source reversion enzyme. GIBCO-BRL produces a rat-source retransformation enzyme, known as SUPERSCRIPT, a lack of 180 amino acids at the end, which completely removes its RNAase H enzyme activity and maintains full DNA polymerase activity.

3、cDNA第二条链的合成

3 c. Synthesis of the second chain of DNA

合成cDNA第二条链的传统方法是“自身引导法”，即将第一条链合成过种中形成的cDNA/RNA杂交分子变性，降解RNA，则单链cDNA分子的3'末端自身环化，形成发卡结构。以此为引物，在DNA聚合酶作用下合成第二条链。所得到的产物是双链cDNA，在其相当于mRNA5'端的地方有一发卡闭环结构。然后用单链特异性的SI核酸酶消化该环，得到可供克隆的双链cDNA分子。由于SI酶的消化反应难以控制，不可避免地导致对应于mRNA5'的序列出现缺失和重排，并造成克隆效率偏低，故该法基本上己被一些改进的方法所代替。主要的改进之处是在合成第一条链的反应体系中加入4mmol/L的焦磷酸钠，以抑制发卡结构的形成，这样便避免了使用SI核酸酶。然后再用其他方法合成第二条链的引物。例如置换合成法：在4mmol/L焦磷酸钠存在的条件下合成cDNA的第一条链。用RNAase H酶降解，使cDNA/RNA杂交分子中的RNA链上出现切口，产生一系列带3'-OH的RNA引物，它们可被大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶用以合成cDNA的第二条链。若在合成第二条链的反应体系中加入大肠杆菌DNA连接酶，可避免异常结构的产生，并得到相对完整的cDNA链。最后在T4DNA聚合酶的作用下，使双链cDNA成为平头末端，然后再与接头或连接子相连并用限制性内切酶切割使cDNA具有粘性末端而增加克隆效率。该方法有三个主要优点：（1）非常有效；（2）直接利用第一条链反应产物，无需进一步处理和纯化；（3）不必用SI酶切割单链发卡环，避免了cDNa的大量损失。

The traditional method of synthesizing the second chain of DNA is the “self-directional approach” whereby the first chain is synthesized by transmutation of cDNA/RNA hybrid molecules formed in a single chain, degradation of the RNA, degradation of the 3'end self-emulsion structure of the single chainc DNA molecule. This is used as a guide to synthesize the second chain of DNA under DNA polymerase. The main improvements are the production of a double chain c-DNA with a closed ring structure at its equivalent to mRNA5' end. The netting of the ring with a single chain specific SI nucleicase and the acquisition of a cloned dual chain of DNA that can be cloned in order to avoid the use of SI nuclec. It inevitably leads to the loss and recolonization of the sequence that should correspond to mRNA5 and results in low cloning efficiency.

4、cDNA的克隆

4. C. Cloning of DNA

dscDNA（双链cDNA）合成后，将此DNA与载体（质粒或噬菌体）组成重组分子，然后转化到受体菌中进行扩增。CDNA文库可用质粒载体或噬菌体载体构建。载体的选择还必须考虑一种mRNA在细胞内的含量，即mRNA的丰度。如果要筛选的目的cDNA的mRNA是低丰度mRNA，要用噬菌体载体构建文库；如果是高丰度mRNA，则可用质粒载体。

When the dsc DNA (double chain c DNA) is synthesized, the DNA is recombined with the carrier (mass particles or bacterium) and then converted to the receptor bacteria for expansion. The C-DNA library can be constructed with a mass particle carrier or a fungus carrier. The selection of the vehicle must also take into account the content of a mRNA in the cell, that is, the abundance of mRNA. If the mRNA is the low abundance of mRNA for the purpose of screening the c-DNA, it is built with the fungus carrier; if it is a high mRNA, it can be used as a mass particle carrier.

5、重组子的筛选与鉴定

5. Screening and identification of reorganization sub-units

我非常感谢作文库，这句话中没有优美动听的句子，没有让人浮想联翩的修辞手法，也没有过多的语言，却包含了我对作文库由衷的感谢。

I am very grateful for the fact that there are no beautiful sentences, no nuanced rhetoric or too many words, but that there is also my sincere gratitude to the Library.

是作文库让我赚到了人生第一桶金，当我高兴地拿着手机对我的爸爸妈妈说:“看！我写作文的钱提现了！哈哈”那时，我笑的多开心呀，虽然只提现了10元，那时候，我就狠狠地吧作文库记住了，我从来不会忘记，我的人生第一桶金是怎么来的，我高兴地和我的同学说我赚了人生第一桶金耶，那时候可高兴了，恨不得告诉全世界让别人都知道这件事情。

It was the library that made me the first barrel of my life, and when I said to my parents and my mom with my cell phone, "Look, I've got the money to write! Ha-ha!" I was so happy when I smiled, even though it was only 10 dollars, I kept it in mind, and I never forget how I got the first barrel of my life, and I was happy to tell my classmates that I made the first barrel of my life, and I was happy to tell the world that everyone would know about it.

我非常感谢作文库，我以后还会投稿更好的作文。

I am very grateful for the collection, and I will be making a better contribution in the future.

我非常感谢作文库，让我在年幼的年龄里赚稿费。

I am very grateful for the library, which allows me to earn money at an early age.

我非常感谢作文库还有作文库的工作人员，谢谢你们。

I thank you very much for the hard copy and the staff of the hard copy, and thank you very much.

1．认真落实理论学习制度。

1. Careful implementation of the theoretical learning system.

库党委紧扣官兵思想实际，不断强化对科学发展观的理解和实际运用。先后组织党委中心组成员和全体机关干部进行“用党的最新理论成果武装思想”和“大力加强民主集中制建设”等专题理论学习，注重把理论成果转化为明思想、干工作、带部队、作决策的实际能力。

The Party of the Cook Islands continues to strengthen its understanding and practical application of the concept of scientific development, taking into account the practicalities of its ranks. It organizes & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & ; significantly strengthens democratic centralization & & & & & & & & &, among other topics, theoretical learning, focusing on translating the results of the theory into ideas, working, leading forces and making decisions.

2．有针对性地开展思想政治教育。

2. Targeted ideological and political education.

针对仓库官兵思想实际，摸索总结了“四个结合”的教育方法，即：结合担负的保障任务，进行我军根本职能教育；结合重大节假日，进行时事政治教育；结合学习党史、军史，进行“赞颂党的业绩，强化军魂意识”为主题的理想信念教育；结合每月一次的法制宣传日，进行以刑法和刑事诉讼法为主要内容的遵纪守法和法律常识教育。通过针对性教育，进一步强化了全库官兵的理想信念、法纪观念、职能意识和敬业精神。

& ldquo; 4 combinations & & rdquo; methods of education, i.e.: basic functional education of our army, in conjunction with guaranteed tasks; contemporary political education, in conjunction with major holidays; &ldquo, in conjunction with the history of the party, military history; glorification of the party's performance, strengthening of the spirit of the military & & rdquo; education of the ideal beliefs of the subject; compliance with the law and the common sense of the law, in conjunction with the monthly rule of law awareness days.

3．充分发挥军营文化阵地作用。

3. To play a full role in the cultural positions of the barracks.

仓库始终要把抓好军营文化建设作为加强思想政治建设和培养“四有”革命军人的重要途径。首先，在加强基本建设上下功夫。整修完善了基层文化活动中心及相关设施，配发和更新了电影机、电视机、和空调等设备；其次，在开展群众活动上下功夫。坚持基层分队每日“三个半小时”读报制度(即：早晨半小时收听广播、下午半小时阅读报纸、晚上半小时收看新闻)，坚持经常开展教唱《军人道德组歌》和各项文化活动，坚持在“七一”、“八一”前夕开展党史、军史知识竞赛和读书演讲活动，坚持在老兵退伍期间开展“我为军旗添光彩”、“站好最后一班岗”等实践活动。再次，在高科技知识和科学文化学习上下功夫。适时组织战役保障理论学习，每季度组织一次学术论文交流，请驻地共建院校为仓库举办文化补习班、微机扫盲班和汽车维修班。

The warehouse has always used the construction of the camp culture as an important means of strengthening the ideological and political construction and training of “ ” ” revolutionary soldiers. First, work has been done to strengthen the infrastructure. The basic cultural centres and related facilities have been renovated, and equipment such as cinemas, televisions, and air conditioners have been distributed and updated. Secondly, work has been done on mass events.

二、做好药材供应保障准备

II. Preparedness for the supply of medicines

1．抓战备，完善顸案设施和战救药材。

1. Combat readiness, improvement of facilities and supplies for the rescue of weapons of mass destruction.

根据仓库担负的任务特点，按照巩固、配套、提高的原则，突出系统化、实战化要求，适时修订完善了《药材紧急收发方案》、《应急兵站药材分队行动方案》等13个战备方案；按照战时药材保障标准和质量要求，及时轮换了部分近效期战救药材。

In accordance with the mission characteristics of the warehouse, and in accordance with the principles of consolidation, compatibility and enhancement, the systematization and operationalization requirements were highlighted. In due course, 13 preparedness programmes, such as the Emergency Medicines Programme, the Emergency Response Unit Programme of Action, were revised and some of the supplies for immediate combat operations were rotated in accordance with the standards and quality requirements for the safeguarding of medical supplies in time of war.

2．抓训练，做好战时保障准备。

2. Training and preparation for wartime safeguards.

在保障力量训练上，每年以登陆作战为背景，数次组织药材应急分队的战备等级转进、紧急机动、野外展开、现场保障、撤收转移、战时药材收发与请领等野战化综合训练。通过训练，快速反应和应急保障能力不断得到新的提高；在业务技能训练上，经常组织库房保管人员开展药材保管基本知识学习和机械操作岗位练兵活动，定期开展红旗库房和红旗保管员评比竞赛活动，不断强化各级各类人员的战备意识、职责意识和岗位技能；在共同科目和专业兵训练上，认真组织全库人员学习《后方仓库条例》和《后方仓库战时保障条例》，按照新大纲要求，每年集中组织为期一个月的军事共同科目以及专业兵训练。仓库还安排专项经费新建了综合体能训练场，添置了组合体能训练器材。

In the context of training for security forces, several field-based integrated trainings have been organized on a yearly basis, in the context of landing operations, on emergency preparedness, emergency mobility, field operations, on-site security, evacuation, receipt and receipt of medical supplies during wartime, etc. Through training, rapid response and emergency security capabilities have been continuously upgraded. In the context of training in operational skills, warehouse custodians have been regularly organized to conduct training in basic knowledge-taking and mechanical operations, regular exercises have been conducted for the evaluation of red-flag warehouses and red-flag custodians compared to competitions and to continuously enhance the operational awareness, functional awareness and job skills of all categories of personnel at all levels. In the context of common subjects and specialized military training, the entire pool of personnel has been carefully organized to study the Regulations on Rearing Warehouses and the Regulations on Security in Rearing Warfare, and to organize one month of military common subjects and specialist training each year in accordance with the new outline.

3．抓供应，保证部队急需。

3. Seizing supplies to ensure that troops are in urgent need.

结合上级赋予仓库的保障任务和供应保障特点，充分发挥局域网作用，大力开展优质服务活动。对部队战备急需的药材，坚持紧急发送；对部队上门领取的药材，坚持随到随发；对部队所需药材，坚持随要随送。

In conjunction with the security tasks and supply features assigned to the warehouse by its superiors, the local area network (LAN) is fully utilized and high-quality service activities are vigorously pursued.

三、落实标准制度，提高后勤管理水平

III. IMPLEMENTATION OF STANDARD SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE LEVEL MANAGEMENT

1．落实财务管理规定。坚持每月一次的财务收支

1. Implement financial management requirements. Maintain monthly financial receipts and disbursements

情况报告制度和财务票据库领导集体会审制度，严把经费预算编制、审批权限和现金使用关，大力压缩消费性开支，确保将有限的财力用于战备训练、业务建设、安全管理和生活保障。

The reporting system and the financial bank lead the collective review system, strictly closing down funding budgeting, approval authority and cash use, significantly reducing consumer spending and ensuring that limited financial resources are used for operational training, business development, security management and livelihood security.

2．落实工程建设管理规定。

2. Implementation of construction management requirements.

凡5万元以上的工程项目一律报批，并按规定程序公开、公平、公正地组织招投标，坚持“阳光作业”，不搞暗箱操作。

All projects above $50,000 are submitted for approval and are organized in an open, fair and impartial manner, in accordance with established procedures, to bid for &ldquao; Sunwork & & rdquao; and there is no black box operation.

3．落实对外有偿服务管理规定。

3. Implement regulations for the management of externally paid services.

在仓库空余房地产租赁等对外有偿服务过程中，坚持把保证仓库安全放在首位，严格贯彻总部关于“不得变相经商，严格控制规模，维护军队形象，财务集中归口”的指导原则。严格按规定程序申领了《有偿服务许可证》、《有偿服务收费许可证》和《军队房地产租赁许可证》。在具体运作环节上，还坚持做到八个严格，即：严格政策规定、严格项目范围、严格资信调查、严格规范合同、严格租赁用途、严格租赁管理、严格租金收缴、严格服务保障。

In the course of external reimbursable services, such as rental of surplus property in warehouses, the security of warehouses has been given priority, strict compliance with Headquarters guidelines on “ non-disguised business, strict control of size, maintenance of military image, financial concentration & & rdquo; strict procedures for obtaining permits for paid services, fee-for-service permits and military real estate rental permits. In the operational areas, eight strict standards have also been maintained, namely: strict policy requirements, strict project scope, strict credit investigations, strict contract regulation, strict lease use, strict lease management, strict rent collection, strict security of services.

四、抓难治弱，确保仓库安全稳定

iv. Capturing vulnerability and ensuring the security and stability of warehouses

1．盯住敏感问题不放松。

1. Keep an eye on sensitive issues.

仓库领导和职能机关每当遇到涉及官兵职工进退去留的敏感问题时，率先做到思想高度重视，情况心中有数，工作有的放矢。对转业、退伍、入党、入学、立功、嘉奖、选改、提升未如愿的和有心理障碍、不安心工作的同志，通过细致的思想工作，特别予以关注。

The head of the warehouse and the competent authorities take the lead in making the most of the sensitive questions concerning the movement and departure of the staff of the military and the military, with a view to ensuring that the situation is well known and the work is targeted. Special attention is paid to rehabilitation, discharge, integration into the party, admission to school, merit, recognition, selection, promotion of undesired and mentally handicapped comrades, and unsettled work.

2．盯住小散单位不放松。

2. Keep an eye on the scattered units.

首先，实行“责任承包”，定人定部门具体抓，严格请销假、查铺查哨、车辆派遣等制度规定，定期检查落实，奖惩分明。其次，实行集中管。通过适时划片、调整合并支部等举措，对零散人员实行集中管理、集中教育、集中训练，对业务建设、行政管理、组织工作实行一条线管控。既防止了因散而失治，又确保了政令军令的畅通。

First, there is the introduction of “ the contracting of responsibility & rdquo; and, in the case of designated departments, the strict application of the rules governing the sale of leave, the inspection of checkpoints, the dispatch of vehicles, etc., and periodic inspections, with clear rewards and penalties. Second, there is a centralized approach. In the case of scattered personnel, there is centralized management, centralized education, centralized training, and a line of control over the construction, administration and organization of operations. This is both to prevent dissipation and to ensure the free flow of orders.

3．盯住两个经常性不放松。

3. Keep an eye on the two that are not always relaxed.

首先，坚持经常性思想教育和经常性管理工作的高标准、严要求，重实际、求实效。把工作目标量化、细化和硬化。其次，在防范制度上，确保将安全隐患消灭在萌芽状态。在防范技术上，坚持把“三铁一器”和技术管控做到位，确保重点目标、重点部位全方位、全时制不失控；在防范车辆事故上，坚持管好“三证一匙”和车辆派遣做到位，确保车辆安全无事故。再次，把易反复的工作抓到底，切实把军区提出的“新三防”和“五个不出”的目标要求落到实处。

First, to adhere to the high standards of regular intellectual education and regular management, and to be practical and effective. Quantifying, fine-tuning and hardening the objectives of the work. Second, in the preventive system, to ensure that security risks are eliminated in the bud.

五、树立市场经济观念，转变药材仓储运行机制

V. Towards a market economy concept and a shift in the operating mechanisms of pharmaceutical stores

随着我国改革开放的逐步深入，社会主义市场经济的确立，推动了医药经济的迅速发展目前医药行业供大于求，药材市场环境由紧缺变宽松，卖方市场转变为买方市场。与此同时，军队医疗单位也改变了过去主要依赖军队药材供应部门供应药材的做法。这一现实冲击了传统的吃计划饭、“看摊守业”的陈旧仓储观念。一旦储备任务不足，仓库就面临困难。因此，必须树立市场经济观念，转变药材仓储的运行机制。

At the same time, the military’s medical units have changed the way they used to rely mainly on the military’s pharmaceutical supply sector. This reality has hit the traditional diet, & ldquo; stock-taking & & rdquo; and the old concept of storage. Once stocking is inadequate, warehouses face difficulties.

1．树立自主观念．确立药材仓库的主体地位。

1. Establishes the concept of autonomy and establishes the dominant position of stores of medicinal materials.

计列经济体制下，仓库是机关的附属物，仓库依赖于行政部门，它的功能就是按上级规定的渠道和方式调入、储存和调出药材，不能适应市场形势的变化，仓储人员对市场情况不闻不同在市场经济体制下，要求仓储走向市场，真正成为相对独立的经济实体根据市场需要的各种环境条件的变化组织货源，确定库存控制模式．选择供货或销售渠道，合理地运用各种经营手段．有敢地维护和实现药材的价值和使用价值。因此，确立药材仓库的主体地位是使仓储的组织形式、管理方法、管理手段和管理制度发生根本变化，形成新的运行机制的保证。

Under the economic system, warehouses are subordinate to the organs, and warehouses are dependent on the executive branch. Its function is to bring in, store and transfer medicines according to the channels and in the manner prescribed by its superiors, unable to adapt to changes in market conditions. In a market-oriented system, warehousing personnel are required to go to the market without notice of market conditions, and are truly a source of goods organized by relatively independent economic entities in accordance with the changing environmental conditions required by the market, determining stock control patterns... choosing the channels of supply or distribution, using reasonable means of operation... and having the courage to maintain and realize the value and use of medicines. Thus, the establishment of the central position of a pharmaceutical warehouse is a guarantee of a new operating mechanism by radically changing the organizational form, management methods, management tools and management system of the stock.

2．树立效益观念，确立药材仓库的经营地位。

2. To establish the concept of efficiency and to establish the operational status of warehouses of medicinal materials.

长期以来．药材仓储仅被当成纯服务行业，只有药材储存和中转功能，仓库不讲经营，不讲盈利在市场经济条件下，仓储作为社会再生产过程中商品流通的重要环节，在经济建设与发展中有着不可低估的作用。侧如，在美国，最近几十年来，产品生产费用不断下降，约占国民生产总值的50，而产品流通费用(包括仓储费用)高达国民生产总值的20以上，其中一半是运输费用，一半是存储费用和仓库作业费用。因此，药材仓库必须树立效益观念，不仅要进行实物核算，还要开展经济核算。不仅要弥补药材仓库运行过程中的劳动消耗和物质消耗，还要为军队提供资金积累。为此．应当明确药材仓库的经营地位。药材仓库应采用企业的经营方式，在提供仓储服务的过程中，创造效益．积累资金

In the United States, for example, production costs have been declining in recent decades, amounting to about 50 per cent of GDP, while the cost of moving products (including storage costs) is more than 20 per cent of GNP, half of which is for transport, and half of which is for storage and warehouse operations. Therefore, the drug warehouse must develop a concept of efficiency, not only in terms of physical accounting, but also in terms of economic accounting. Not only is it necessary to compensate for labour and material consumption in the operation of the drug warehouse, but it must also finance the accumulation of military resources.

3．树立竞争观念，确立药材仓库的优势地位。

3. Fostering the concept of competition and establishing the superiority of pharmaceutical stores.

市场竞争是商品生产和商品交换的普遍规律

Market competition is a common pattern of commodity production and exchange

市场竞争有利于搞活经营，扩大流通．促进生产，繁荣市场，求得供需平衡，满足市场需要竞争还是推动改善经营管理，提高质量，节约费用，降低成本，提高经济效益的重要手段。目前，军队医药市场受地方医药企业竞争的强大冲击，军队主渠道供应的药材在医院所占的比饼很低。其原因是军趴药材部门缺乏竞争意识经营活动依赖行政管理，官商作风仍很浓，效率不高，服务不到位，限制了军队医药市场的扩大和发展。因此，必须树立市场经济的竞争观念，发挥药材仓库作为联系医药商品生产和使用的重要纽带作用，利用药材仓库的优势条件，即有一批懂药材经营业务，善于管理的干部}有比较良好的仓储建筑和设施；有比较稳定可靠的供货渠道和良好的信誉，搞好优质服务。

Market competition is an important means of promoting better management, quality, cost savings, cost savings, and economic efficiency. Currently, the military pharmaceutical market is strongly hit by competition from local pharmaceutical firms, and the supply of medicines from the main sources of the military is low in hospitals. This is due to the lack of competitive awareness in the military market sector, which is dependent on administrative management, and the continuing high level of efficiency and insufficiency of services, which limits the expansion and development of the military pharmaceutical market. It is therefore necessary to establish a competitive concept in the market economy, to use the pharmaceutical stores as an important link between the production and use of pharmaceutical goods, and to use the advantages of the pharmaceutical stores, i.e., a pool of knowledgeable pharmaceutical businesses, well-managed cadres, to have better storage buildings and facilities; and to have more stable and reliable supply channels and good credibility, and to provide better quality services.

好奇心使然，便搜了来看看。

I was curious, so I searched.

大致了解了下网站，很惊喜！作文库真的是个好地方！从小学一年级跨越到高三的作文都有，而且关键是对于爱写作的同学来说，这里简直是个桃花源。

It's a great place to go from first grade to third grade, and the point is that it's really a peach source for those who love to write.

当下，我就把网站发给我姐。

Right now, I'm sending my sister a website.

农村集体土地确权数据库入库前的准备工作直接关系到外业调绘数据能否被有效、完整地录入。准备工作主要是对地籍编号、空间数据、非空间数据及扫描文档的编辑。建库的数据主要分空间数据、非空间数据和扫描文档三类，空间数据包括矢量数据和栅格数据。

The preparation of the rural collective land titling database prior to its entry into the repository is directly related to the validity and completeness of off-the-shelf data entry. The preparation is mainly for the editing of cadastral numbers, spatial data, non-spatial data, and scanned files.

1.1地籍编号

1.1 Cadastral number

宗地代码的编码是按照最新的规则，采用五层19位层次码结构，分别是：第一层次为县级行政区划，代码为6位。第二层次为地籍区，代码为3位，用阿拉伯数字表示。第三层次为地籍子区，代码为3位，用阿拉伯数字表示。第四层次为土地权属类型，代码为2位，其中，第一位表示土地所有权类型，用G、J、Z表示；第二位表示宗地特征码，用A、B、S、X、C、W、Y表示。第五层次为宗地顺序号，代码为5位，用00001～99999表示，在相应的宗地特征码后编码[2]。由于完整的地籍号有19位数字,若对每类需要入库的要素逐一设定完整的地籍号,初期工作会很繁琐,不利于提高工作效率。在实际工作中为了提高效率，先将前14位编号一样的地区的宗地用五位及以下宗地号命名，外业调查成果均使用此方法命名地籍号。而在后期整理入库过程中必须将此类简易宗地号规范化,为此需要根据各类数据类型采用编写程序重命名、Excel批量处理等方式规范地籍号，为数据入库打好基础。

In accordance with the latest rules, the code of the Clandestine Code is based on a five-tiered 19-digit hierarchy, with a six-digit code. The second level is a cadastral area, with a three-digit code, expressed in Arabic. The third level is a cadastral sub-area, with a three-digit code, expressed in Arabic. The fourth level is a land title type, with a two-digit code, with the first indicating the type of land ownership, expressed in G, J, Z. The second denotes the Clandestral Characteristic Code, with a five-placed area, with a five-place code, with a corresponding Clandographic code of 0001-99999,[2]. Since the full land number is 19 places, if the elements of each type requiring access to a pool are set up on a case-by-case basis, the initial work would be cumbersome and not conducive to greater efficiency.

1.2空间数据

1.2 Spatial data

此部分主要是对CASS中的图形作进一步处理，以达到入库的需要，包括对dwg格式的数据进行检查整理，并对其格式进行转换。CASS数据编辑是数据建库的第一步。本文所讨论的基础数据是通过CASS软件处理后的dwg格式数据，进行数据转换前需要对dwg数据进行整理，内容如下：（1）房屋被界址线切割的修改。对于分户未分房，造成权属线把房屋切割开来，这样在入库时就会出现该房屋的户主不唯一的情况，为此要把此类房屋分割开来（房屋绘制顺序要为顺时针）。（2）清除废块，减少数据量。用“文件”——“清理图层”或“PURGE”命令对图层进行清理，不仅可以清除多余图块，加快处理速度，而且能通过编码正确性检查。（3）删除重复要素。用“检查入库”——“删除重复实体”来解决，保证同一个位置上只有一个实体[3]。（4）图形实体检查。利用“检查入库”——“图形实体检查”的方法进行检查，包括编码正确性检查、图层正确性检查、线自交检查、建筑物注记检查、复合线重复点检查（此处检查要确保JZD层是关闭的）。（5）检查未闭合的房屋线和权属线[3]。CASS中未闭合的多边形将无法导出成面，因此对于未闭合的房屋线和权属线要将其闭合。（6）过滤无属性实体。在CASS中很容易把实体的属性漏掉，这样会给后续的工作带来很多麻烦，因此要通过“检查入库”——“过滤无属性实体”的方法进行检查，然后再根据实际情况把无属性的实体赋以属性。本文主要针对CASS成图数据进行阐述，将其导入MapGIS6.7之前需进行对照表和文件转换[1]。（1）对照表。对系统库目录\slib下4个对照表文件进行编辑，可直接用Windows写字板或记事本方式打开。需要注意的是，对照表中CASS编码是在“数字测图”系统中查到的，并且要区分对照表的大小写[1]。符号对照表——“arc—map.pnt”。线型对照表——“arc—map.lin”。颜色对照表——“cad—map.clr”。层对照表——“cad—map.tab”。（2）文件转换。CASS成图数据即dwg格式的数据无法在MapGIS中打开，需要将dwg格式转换为AutoCAD的数据交换格式DXF[4]，最好是2000或者R12的DXF格式。把各个图层通过“文件——图形改名存盘”命令保存成AutoCAD2000/LT2000DXF格式，选择“文件转换”模块，“输入——装入DXF”，将AutoCAD文件装入[5]，并将所有DXF转换为点线文件，最后存点存线即可。在MapGIS6.7平台中，点击“图形处理”——“输入编辑”，添加文件即可对其进行属性编辑。

This part consists mainly of further processing of the graphics in CASS to meet the need for access to the reservoirs, including checking the data in the dwg format and converting them. CASS data editing is the first step in the database. The underlying data is organized through the dwg format of data processed by CASS software, which requires cleaning of dwg data prior to data conversion, as follows: (1) modification of a house that has been cut off by a boundary line. For a house that has not been separated, the access line has resulted in the separation of the house from the ownership line, so that the owner of the house does not have the only situation in the repository, including checking the data in the dwbg format — checking the data in the dwg format of the dwbs — checking the data in the dwbs — using the stubble sheet — stacking the stufflems — tweaking the stamp tamp — tweaking the stwbs — checking the stamp — checking the stamp trebs — checking the stamp — checking the strebs. t.

1.3非空间数据

1.3 Non-spatial data

非空间数据包括空间对象的补充属性数据，是以mdb表的形式存在的。对于其他的各种证件照片、大门照片、调查表、审批表等都是要按照标准形式命名的，命名格式为a1#a2$1.jpg，其中a1为土地证号，a2为地籍号，中间要用#和$隔开。2.4扫描文档这一部分主要是各种扫描的文件，如村民小组村民代表会决议、集体土地使用权确权登记颁证申请书、农村土地权属调查法人身份证明书、农村土地权属调查指界人身份证明书等，命名格式同上。

Non-spatial data, including supplementary attributes for space objects, are available in the form of mdb tables. For other types of documents, photographs of gates, questionnaires, approval forms, etc., the names are given in standard form, in the form of a1#a2$1.jpg, with a1 land certificate number and a2 cadastral number, with # and $ separated between them. 2.4 Scanning this part of the file is mainly a variety of scanned documents, such as resolutions of village representatives of village groups, applications for the registration of collective land tenure rights, certificates of identity of legal persons in rural land rights surveys, certificates of identity of persons in rural land titles surveys, etc.

2建库基本流程

2 Built-in basic processes

为规范农村集体土地确权数据库的内容、数据库结构、数据交换格式，该部分应严格按照要求，统一在MapGIS四川农村集体土地确权登记发证系统下完成。

In order to regulate the content, structure and data exchange formats of the Rural Collective Land Determination Database, this part should be completed under the MapGIS Sichuan Rural Collective Land Determination Registration Certification System, in strict compliance with the requirements.

2.1新建数据库

2.1 New database

主库MPDBASTER主要是建立SQL2005与GDB之间的连接，打开MAPGISK9平台，通过“工具箱——GDB安装器”创建。当打开SQLSERVER，点击数据看到里面有个MPDBASTER，说明SQL和GDB连接成功。主库建好后，现在还需添加数据库，根据需要可以添加多个库。同样用创建主库的方法来创建数据库。

The main library, MPDBASTER, is primarily a connection between SQL2005 and GDB, opening the MAPGISK9 platform and creating it through the Toolbox - GDB Installer. When you open SQLSERVER, click on the data to see that there is a MPDBASTER in it, explaining the success of SQL and GDB connections. Once the main library has been built, it is now necessary to add a database that can be added to multiple libraries as needed. The database is also created by creating the main library.

2.2配置MapGIS数据源

2.2 Configure MapGIS data sources

打开GDB企业管理器，设置连接数据库的数据源即可。

Opens the GDB enterprise manager and sets the data source that connects to the database.

2.3初始化数据库

2.3 Initialization of the database

MapGIS四川农村集体土地确权登记发证系统的配置主要是通过“开始”“程序”“MapGIS四川农村集体土地确权登记发证系统”“管理员配置工具”来实现的。如果测试成功，就会在数据库中创建多张表，以用于上传属性数据、图形数据和扫描材料，否则要重新配置。由于某些原因，系统还是会缺少上传扫描材料的两张表UPFILESLIST和CASEMATERIALLIST，就需要借助语句手动创建。初始化完成以后，把JHTB（接合图表）、CODE（数据字典）、DLTB（地类图斑）、FW（房屋）、FWZJ（房屋注记）、QSDW（权属地物）、QSDWZJ（权属地物注记）、DDXYS（点地形要素）、XDXYS（线地形要素）、ZJD（宅基地）、ZJDZJ（宅基地注记）、JZD（界址点）、GCDZJ（高程点注记）、GCZJD（高程注记点）等文件导入并去后缀即可。

The configuration of the MapGIS community land titling system in Sichuan is done mainly by “starting” the “procedure” “MapGIS” the “Administrator Configuration Tool” of the “Mapgis community land titling system in Sichuan”. After initialization, JHTB (composite chart), CODE (data dictionary), DLTB (geographical map), FW (house), FWZJ (housemark), QSDW (tenures of tenure), QSWZJ (entity of tenure), QDSZJ (point of title), DDXYS (point of topography), XDYS (line topographical elements), ZJD (humbular base), ZJJJ (portation site of JJ) and JGCJ (post of HCJ).

2.4新建工程

2.4 Construction of new projects

打开MapGIS四川农村集体土地确权登记发证系统，如果数据是通过xyz工程管理的点线区数据，工程升级即可；如果是零散的点线区文件，则通过“新建工程”导入。由于在MapGIS6.7中编辑的点线区文件只有少许基本的属性字段，需要对照标准库通过“建库工具箱——数据结构升级”，使其具备该图层应有的属性字段，在系统弹出数据结构升级详细设置对话框，点击升级按钮即可。升级完成后，如果还需添加字段，可通过点击图层右键进行添加。

Opens the MapGIS Sichuan Community Land Determination Registration Certificate system, and if the data is upgraded through point-line data managed by the xyz Project, the project will be fine; if it is a scattered point-line file, it will be imported through the " New Project ". Since the point-line files edited in MapGIS6.7 have only a few basic attribute fields, the standard library will need to be upgraded by the " Builder Toolbox - Data Structures Upgrade ", so that it has the properties that the layer deserves, and then clicks on the upgrade button when the system pops a detailed data structure upgrade dialogue box. If the upgrade is completed, the field will need to be added by clicking on the right of the floor button.

2.5导入mdb表，挂接属性

2.5 Import mdb table, attached properties

在图形的拓扑检查完成的前提下，为了补充图层缺少的属性数据，其最有效快速的方法是把空间对象的补充属性数据mdb表导入到库里。对业务建库的数据库文件mdb字段分析即可得出各项属性数据所对应的字段，再利用Access的导出功能将数据库中各表分别导出，然后提取Excel属性汇总表中对应列的数据填充。全部填充完毕之后再使用Access软件的导入功能将数据导回业务建库数据库，然后再通过SQL语句挂接属性。通过AccessDataConvert文件夹中的工具AccessDataConvert.exe导入mdb表，选择Initialstddb.mdb表，点击“导入数据——下一步——转入业务表”即可。此时出现如图4中所示的消息时，点开消息，查看具体是哪里出现了问题，根据指出的问题所在，逐个修改之后重新导入。如此循环，直至成功导入。需要补充的是在挂接属性时若以宗地号为链接对象，在MapGIS6.7中编辑时必须要有宗地号这一字段。挂接完以后，可通过“农村集体土地确权登记发证系统——查询分析”功能查询宗地属性信息。对于有些属性，可通过集体土地使用权调查数据库建库系统里工具箱下的图层内属性赋值和图层间属性赋值来完成。

The most efficient and rapid way to supplement the missing attribute data of the layer is to import the supplementary attribute data mdb table of the spatial object into the library, subject to completion of the graphic top-up check. A field analysis of the database file mdb of the business build-up will result in the corresponding fields of the properties data, using the Access Export function to export the tables separately from the database, and then to extract the corresponding data from the Excel property matrix. The import function of the Access software will return the data to the business build-up database using the SQL synonyms and then re-route the properties by using the AccessDataConvertt folder.

2.6上传档案扫描件

2.6 Archival scans uploaded

为了方便工作人员查询、管理，实现高效的无纸化办公，需将档案扫描入库并与宗地图相挂接，因此档案扫描件的规模化管理也是调查的一项重要工作。扫描文件的类型一般有申请书、户口簿、宗地图、外业公示照片、大门照片、法人身份证明书等，如果还有其他文件，放到其他里。为了提高工作效率，可以先简易命名扫描档案文件并按宗地号存放，再利用后期自动化处理的方法，可以快速地将扫描档案归档并方便后期快速整理。整理好扫描文件后通过ImgUpLoadTool中的ImgUpLoadTool.exe来上传到库里。将档案扫描件按文件类型分门别类存放在不同的文件夹里，并根据行政归属划分多级目录存储。如图5中所示，选择形式6编辑完成以上工作，即可通过如图6中所示打印相关证书。

In order to facilitate staff access, management, efficient paperless office, archives need to be scanned into a library and linked to a map, so the volume management of file scanning files is also an important part of the investigation. The types of documents scanned are typically applications, household books, map maps, outdoor public photographs, door photographs, corporate identity certificates, etc. If there are other documents, they can be stored elsewhere. In order to be more efficient, file scanning documents can be easily named and stored on file numbers, followed by later automated processing. As shown in figure 5, the format 6 editor can be selected to complete more than this task by printing the relevant certificate, as shown in figure 6.

3建库时应注意的问题

3. Issues to be taken into account in the construction of reservoirs

（1）把CASS图转到MapGIS中时的注意事项包括：确保每一户的宗地号、户主等信息都在对应的权属线内；房屋注记要正确,包括房屋结构和房屋层数注记。（2）格式转化完成后，在MapGIS中打开，进行“检查——工作区属性检查”主要查看的内容有：对已造面的如房屋、宗地、土地类型等，查看面积是否有空的，再者就是不合理面域，要将其删除；对于宗地层，要查看宗地号、户主等是否有空的；对于房屋层，要看房屋结构和房屋层数是否正确，是否有遗漏，房屋层数和房屋结构是否要分开等。对以上检查出的有问题的要逐一修改，直至无误。（3）在进行结构升级时，为了把之前已加载的属性保留，要把多余字段追加、维护默认属性以及维护面积周长前打钩。（4）挂接属性要在图形关系正确的前提下完成，挂接完以后若要再改会很麻烦。

(1) Attention in the transfer of the CASS map to MapGIS includes: ensuring that each household's domain number, head of household, etc., is within the corresponding tenure line; that the housing register is correct, including the number of housing structures and floors. (2) When the format is completed, it is opened in MapGIS, where the “check-in-work area property inspection” is conducted. The main features of the examination are as follows: if the area is empty, then the size of the area is not reasonable and it is removed; if the substrate is empty, the size of the substrate, the head of the household, etc.; if the structure of the house is correct, the number of floors are missing, the number of floors and the structure of the house is separated, etc.

4结束语

4 Concluding remarks

    一、前言

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; i. Foreword

地方文献是我国公共图书馆藏书建设的重要组成部分。这些出版物记载和反映了当地社会发展的历史进程，是国家的重要资源和财富。目前，地方文献工作在我国省市、自治区公共图书馆已受到普遍重视，许多馆建立了地方文献专藏，对文献的收集、整理、报道和利用做了大量工作，为当地的四化建设发挥了积极的作用。但是，我国的地方文献工作基本上还是沿用传统的理论和方法，在各方面已远不能适应当今信息社会的要求。在今天新技术革命浪潮蓬勃兴起的形势下，公共图书馆的地方文献工作怎样才能适应时代的需要这一重要课题，已历史地摆在我们图书馆工作者的面前。我们认为，面对新技术革命的挑战，地方文献工作必须实现现代化，才能使传统的地方文献工作获得新的发展，从而达到促进地区出版物资源共享的目的。基于这种认识，我馆在原有地方文献工作的基础上，开始用电脑建立地方文献数据库。经过一年多的研制，该数据库已初步建成并投入使用。为与国内同行交流，本文对该数据库系统作简要介绍。

Local literature is an important part of the construction of our public libraries. These publications document and reflect the historical process of local social development and are an important resource and asset for the country. At present, local documentation work has been given widespread attention in our provincial and autonomous public libraries, many of which have created local collections and have done a great deal of work in collecting, collating, reporting and using them, which has played a positive role in the construction of local quadruple. However, local documentation is largely based on traditional theories and methods, which are far from being adapted to the demands of today’s information society. In the light of today’s boom in the technological revolution, the local documentation work of public libraries has been in the hands of our librarians, and, after more than a year, the database has been initially developed and used for exchanges with our domestic counterparts. We believe that, in the face of the challenges of the technological revolution, local documentation work must be modernized in order to bring about a new development of traditional local literature in order to promote the sharing of regional publications.

二、收录范围与文献源

II. Scope of coverage and sources of documentation

建立地方文献数据库，首先要明确收录范围和解决文献源问题。对地方文献的收录范围，我馆前馆长杜定友先生曾提出过著名的“史料、地方出版物和地方人士著述”三部分的论述。在杜定友先生的倡导下，我馆致力于地方文献的收集工作，建立了广东地方文献专藏。根据我馆地方文献的收集入藏情况，我们拟定了地方文献数据库收录范围的原则：

At the initiative of Mr. Dotting, we are working on the collection of local literature and have set up a collection of local literature. On the basis of the collection of local literature, we have drawn up principles for the inclusion of local documentation in the local database:

1．具有广东地方特点，并有一定学术、史料价值的文献资料（包括有地方特点的科技文献）。

1. Documentation (including scientific and technical literature with local characteristics) of the Guangdong region, with some academic and historical value.

2．反映本省人物（包括广东籍知名人士以及在广东有过影响的非广东籍人士）生平、传记、事迹的文献资料。

2. Documentation reflecting the history, biography, and stories of provincial figures, including prominent Cantonese personalities and non-Guangdong nationals who have had influence in Guangdong.

3．有广东地方特点的本省出版物和外省出版物。

3. Provincial and provincial publications with local characteristics of Guangdong.

4．广东人士著述（拥有地方特点的文献资料部分）。

4. Published by Cantonese authors (documentary section with local characteristics).

对不予收录的文献，也作了如下规定：             

The following are also provided for non-receipt literature:                               & nbsp;

1）虽是地方出版物，但内容并无地方特点的文献资料。

1) Although it is a local publication, there is no literature with local characteristics.

2）作者虽是广东人士，但文献内容并无地方特点的著述。

2) Although the author is from Guangdong, the literature does not have a local character.

3）无地方特点的科技文献。

3) Scientific and technical literature with no local characteristics.

4）印刷质量差，内容贫乏的非正式出版物。

4) Unofficial publications of poor quality and poor content.

5）同收录原则相悖的其它文献资料。

5) other documentation contrary to the admission principle.

具体的收录范围有24项。

There were 24 specific entries.

地方文献数据库所收录文献的类型包括：专著，期刊、报纸、会议录、汇编、学位论文、科技报告、专利文献、手稿、地方志、族谱、检索工具、参考工具、图表、古籍等。其中检索工具包括反映本省图书馆馆藏的各种书目、文摘、联合目录；图表包括地图、气象图、地质图；参考工具包括年鉴、手册等；专利文献只限于本省单位和个人申请的国内外专利；报纸限于本省出版报纸的目录。

The types of literature contained in the local documentation database include: monographs, periodicals, newspapers, proceedings, compilations, degree papers, scientific and technical reports, patented literature, manuscripts, local literature, ethnographics, search tools, reference tools, charts, ancients, etc.

广泛征集地方文献资料，保证地方文献数据库有充足的文献源，是建立地方文献数据库极为重要的一环。我馆地方文献工作，早在解放前即已引起重视。建国后，更加广泛深入地开展了地方文献的收集和整理工作。省人民政府曾先后发出三个关于地方文献工作的文件，指定我馆为全省地方文献的征集工作机构和收藏中心，要求各级人民政府和各企事业单位，将所出版的文献资料无偿向我馆缴送二册，这为征集地方文献打下了良好的基础。在全省各有关单位的大力协助下，经过几十年的努力，我馆已逐步建立起拥有18万册，在海内外有一定影响的广东文献专藏，形成了广东文献的收藏中心。这是建立地方文献数据库的基础。

After the establishment of the country, the collection of local literature has been carried out in greater depth. The provincial people’s government has issued three documents on local documentation, designated me as a collection agency and collection centre for local literature throughout the province, and asked the people’s governments and enterprises at all levels to hand over the published literature to me for two copies, free of charge, which has provided a good basis for the collection of local literature. After decades of intensive efforts by the relevant units throughout the province, we have built up a collection of 180,000 copies of the Guangdong literature, which has a bearing on the sea and beyond, which forms the basis for the creation of a local documentation database.

建立地方文献数据库，在确定收录范围的同时，还要认真选择和挖掘文献源。因为地方文献包括了反映当地历史和现状的文献资料，数量以万计，内容极为繁杂。图书馆应该首先选择利用率高，有一定学术和史料价值的文献存贮进电脑，其中科技文献应占有相当的比例。这是时代的要求。因此，我馆在建库前对文献源的选择进行了较深入的研究，最后决定从现代期刊入手，对符合收录范围的期刊论文进行著录标引，然后输入电脑。目前文献的前处理工作正顺利进行，现已标引出地方文献资料8，000多篇，输入电脑5，000篇。对于其它类型的文献资料，今后将有计划按步骤地进行输入，从而逐步建立起我省的地方文献数据库。

The creation of a local documentation database, while determining the scope of the collection, should be accompanied by careful selection and extraction of sources. Because local literature includes documentation that reflects the history and current situation of the area, the amount is 10,000 and the content is extremely complex. The library should first choose a high-utilization, academic and historical value of documentation stored in a computer, with a significant proportion of scientific and technical literature. This is a requirement of the times. Therefore, before the creation of the library, we have undertaken a more in-depth study of the selection of sources, and finally decided to start a modern periodical, where we can record papers and then enter them into the computer. The pre-processing of the literature is now well under way, with more than 8,000 local literatures and 5,000 computer entries. For other types of documentation, it will be planned to be entered in a step-by-step manner in the future, leading to the gradual establishment of local documentation databases in my province.

三、数据库系统目标与模式

III. OBJECTIVES AND MODEL OF THE DATA SYSTEM

作为地方性情报检索系统的地方文献数据库，其总目标是：收录和存贮反映本省历史和现状的地方文献资料目录，编辑出版综合性的地方文献通报（书目）和各种专题的地方文献目录，为当地党政军领导机关和各科研生产单位提供文献检索服务；作为地方文献的查目中心，将通过联机网络同当地的主要图书情报部门联网，逐步实现地方文献的联机编目和检索，从而促进地区性的资源共享。

The overall objectives of the local documentation database, which serves as a local intelligence retrieval system, are: to record and store a local bibliography that reflects the history and current state of the province; to compile and publish a comprehensive local literature bulletin (bibliography) and a local bibliography on various topics; to provide documentation and retrieval services for local party and military leadership and scientific production units; and to serve as a reference centre for local literature, which will be linked to the main local library intelligence services through an online network and will gradually achieve online cataloguing and retrieval of local literature, thereby facilitating the sharing of resources at the regional level.

为了实现上述目标，我们根据本省的实际情况，为地方文献数据库设计了下述模式：

In order to achieve these objectives, we have designed the following models for local documentation databases based on the actual situation in the province:

1．选择具有良好汉字处理功能的远程通讯能力的微型电脑作为数据录入工作站和脱机检索系统，这一系统配有完整的外部设备，可独立进行地方文献书目数据的录入、检索和编辑出版地方文献通报。对已输入电脑的大量数据，可转贮到软盘，为将来在中、大型电脑上建库作好数据准备。我馆已购置了四套IBM5550中文电脑，其中一至二套用于地方文献数据库的建库工作。

1. Select a microcomputer with a good Chinese word processing capability to serve as a data entry workstation and offline retrieval system with complete external equipment for the independent recording, retrieval and editing of local bibliographic data for the publication of local literature bulletins. A large amount of data entered into computers can be stored on diskettes to prepare the data for future storage on medium-sized and large computers. Four sets of IBM5550 Chinese computers have been acquired, one or two of which are used for the local documentation database.

2．设置电脑联机通讯线路，同当地计算中心的中、大型机联网。利用主权的计算机资源建立地方文献数据库，一般可存贮几百万篇的文献，从而为实现地方文献书目数据的资源共享打下基础。我馆已同省计算中心达成协议，利用该中心引进的IBM 4341主机建立地方文献数据库，并在86年二月成功地进行了利用市内话线联机通讯的试验，计划在明年内实现我馆IBM5550同主机的联网。

2. Establishment of a computer-based online communication line with the local computer centre's medium-sized and large-scale computers. The creation of local documentation databases using sovereign computer resources, which typically contain millions of documents, provides the basis for the sharing of resources for local bibliographic data. An agreement has been reached with the provincial computing centre to build a local documentation database using the IBM 4341 mainframe introduced by the centre, and a successful experiment using the city-based voiceline online newsletter was carried out in February 86, with plans to network my library, IBM5550 with the mainframe in the coming year.

3．在本馆购置中、小型主机后，将进一步完善地方文献数据库系统，在省、市领导机关和主要科研机构设置检索终端，并同当地的主要图书情报部门联网，进行联机编目和检索，从而使地方文献数据库真正达到资源共享的目的。

3. Following the acquisition of a small and medium-sized mainframe at the Library, the local documentation database system will be further developed, search terminals will be installed in provincial and municipal authorities and major scientific institutions, and access will be established to the main local library intelligence services for on-line cataloguing and retrieval, thus enabling local documentation databases to truly serve the purpose of resource-sharing.

4．把电脑同缩微技术结合起来，实现地方文献资料的全文检索。我馆准备在条件具备时，购置一套16毫米的缩微拍摄设备，用于拍摄地方文献资料。在数据库中检索命中的文献，可根据其文献号，在缩微阅读机上获得原文。

4. Combining computers with microscopic technology to enable full-text retrieval of local literature. We are prepared to acquire a set of 16 mm microscopic equipment, when available, for local documentation.

在我省有关部门的大力支持下，经过全馆同志的努力，广东地方文献数据库的系统目标正在逐步实现。目前，在IBM 5550微机上已实现了以下功能：

With the strong support of my provincial authorities, and thanks to the efforts of the entire team, the system of the Guangdong local documentation database is gradually being implemented. At present, the following functions have been achieved on IBM 5550 micro-machines:

1）地方文献书目数据的录入与存贮。针对地方文献具有多种类型的特点，本数据库根据国家文献著录标准，设置了多种文献类型的自动格式识别程序，不但提供了完善的人机对话录入和修改方式，而且能够对录入的书目数据自动进行著录格式的自动识别，从而使书目数据达到标准化的要求。

(1) The entry and storage of local bibliographic data. For local literature with its many types of characteristics, the database has an automated format identification process of multiple document types based on national documentation standards, which not only provides a well-developed way to record and modify human-mechanical dialogues, but also enables automatic identification of recorded bibliographic data in an automatic format, thus bringing them into the standard requirements.

2）编辑和打印综合性检索刊物《广东文献通报》。该刊物以及时报道我馆新入藏地方文献为宗旨，两月出版一期。每期通报正文约70页，按《中图法》分类体系排列，并附有地区索引，方便县、市图书馆、档案馆等有关单位从地区途径查找文献。从86年五月起，至今已出版文献通报六期及通报的年度累积索引一册。

2) Edit and print a comprehensive search publication, Guangdong Documentation Bulletin. The publication is published in two months, with the aim of providing timely coverage of the new collection of local literature.

3）自动编目功能，数据库系统可根据输入的地方文献书目数据，自动生成数据库倒排文档，供文献检索之用。另外，还可根据指定的专题，编制各种类型的地方文献专题书目，以及编制地方文献的累积本。

3) Automatic cataloguing functions, the database system can automatically generate a back-to-back database document based on input of local bibliographies. In addition, various types of bibliographies of local literature can be prepared according to the topics specified, as well as a cumulative version of the local literature.

4）文献检索功能。因受1BM 5550系统外存的限制，目前数据库的存贮容量为25，000篇文献。如将外存扩大到40MB，数据库容量将可扩大到10万篇。在此范围内，用户可从篇名、著者、分类、主题、地名等五个途径进行联机检索，并允许用多个主题词或多个检索途径进行组配，以提高检准率。输出结果既可在屏幕显示，也可以用打印机输出。

4) Documentary search functions. Due to the limitations of the 1BM 5550 system, the current storage capacity of the database is 25,000 documents. If the storage is expanded to 40MB, the database capacity could be expanded to 100,000. In this context, users can search online from five sources: title, author, classification, subject matter, geographical name, etc., and allow grouping with multiple subject words or multiple search paths in order to improve the accuracy of inspections. The output results can be displayed on the screen or produced by printer.

5）词表管理功能。数据库系统可对地方文献标引词表、地名表和机内分类表进行插入、修改、删除等项操作，并提供编辑打印词表的功能。目前我馆已编制出《地方文献标引词表》、《广东省地名表》和《地方文献数据库分类表》。

The database system allows for the insertion, modification, deletion, etc. of local bibliographies, geographical names tables and in-board classification tables, and provides for the editing of printed lists of words. Our library has now produced the Local Bibliography Typologies, the Guangdong Province Geographical Names Table and the Local Bibliographic Database Classification Table.

6）地方文献征集和标引管理功能。数据库能为地方文献中的连续性出版物建立档案，并有催索、记到、装订以及标引管理等功能，可以对地方文献征集和标引实现科学管理。

6) The database enables the creation of archives for continuous publications in the local literature, with such functions as reminder, memory, binding and tag management, and scientific management of the local literature collection and tagging.

除了上述功能外，我们计划在87年上半年前，为该数据库增加MARC机读目录生产、远程联机通讯等程序，使数据库的各种功能进一步完善。

In addition to the above-mentioned functions, we plan to add to the database, by the first half of 87, programs such as MARC machine catalogue production, remote on-line communication, etc., to further refine the various features of the database.

四、数据库的设计与实现

IV. Database design and implementation

本数据库系统使用IBM5550高档微机作处理机，其主要技术性能指标为：主机内存512-640KB,15英寸高分辨度显示器、24针汉字打印机和键盘各一台，可配8.1或20MB硬盘及5.25英寸软盘各一台。操作系统为IBM5550中文DOS（由MS-DOS演变而来），配有BASIC、COBOL、PASCAL、TORTRAN以及宏汇编等程序设计语言，还有dBASE2.0、DBASE3.0、SORT/MERGE、CWP、WORDSTAR、LOTUS 1-2-3等软件。该机具有良好的多语种处理功能（中、英、日、俄均可处理）和远程联机通讯能力。屏幕显示和打印输出字形美观。根据上述计算机资源的特点和省级公共图书馆地方文献工作的业务流程，我们首先进行了数据库的总体设计。该数据库分为文献库、期刊库、词表库三大部分：文献库实现各种地方文献资料目录的存贮和检索（包括打印）；征集库实现连续出版物（包括图书）的征集管理；词表库实现广东地方文献标引词表的管理。所有程序在总控程序的调度下分块进入内存运行。

This database system uses IBM5550 high-grade microprocessors, whose main technical performance indicators are: the host machine has 512-640 KB, 15-inch high-resolution monitors, 24-gauge printers and keyboards, one each with 8.1 or 20 MB hard disks and 5.25-inch disks. The operating system is the IBM5550 Chinese DOS (evolving from MS-DOS), with BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, TORTRAN and macro-compiler programming languages, and the DBASE 2.0, DBASE 3.0, SORT/MERGE, CWP, WORDSTAR, LOTUS 1-2-3 software. The machine has a good multilingual processing function (medium, English, day, Russian-accessible) and remote on-line communication capability.

总体设计方案确定后，使用什么语言实现？开始我们考虑用DBASE3.0。但后来经模拟试验和论证，发现dBASE3.0用于开发文献型的数据库系统并不理想，原因是(1)记录字段不能适应书目数据可变长的特点；(2)不能使用数组，而且程序变量限于128个，响应速度慢；(3)如作组配检索一般要几十秒的等待时间；(4)难以实现人机对话方式的检索，即在检索过程中无法修改检索策略。基于上述原因，我们决定用编译BASIC进行系统开发。在开发的过程中，尽可能采用自顶向下、分块实现、逐步求精等行之有效的软件开发技术，仅用了四个多月的时间，就完成了程序的设计和调试。经过半年多的试运行，根据暴露出的问题，我们又对程序作了较大修改，形成了第2版本。目前该系统的源程序共有4，000多行，17个运行模块（占260KB）。以下对本数据库的文件结构和主要算法作简要介绍：

When the overall design is determined, what language is to be used? At the start of our consideration of DBASE 3.0. However, as a result of the simulations and validations, it was found that dBASE3.0 was not ideal for the development of a database system of bibliographical data, because (1) the record fields could not be adapted to the variable length of bibliographic data; (2) the arrays could not be used and the programme variables were limited to 128 and the response rate was slow; (3) after more than half a year of testing, the process was difficult to retrieve, i.e., during the retrieval process, it was impossible to modify the search strategy. For the reasons mentioned above, we decided to develop the system using the compilation BASIC. In the development process, as far as possible, it took more than four months to design and adapt the process.

（一）文献库

(i) Library

文献库的任务是通过书目控制字段实现书目控制；按国家标准录入和存贮文献记录；编辑和打印各种书目；提供多途径的文献检索手段。文献库共设置了书目控制文件、主数据文件和倒排文件。

The purpose of the library is to achieve bibliographic control through bibliographic control of fields; to record and store the records in accordance with national standards; to edit and print various bibliographies; and to provide multiple access to the literature. The library has set up bibliographic control documents, master data files and reverse files.

1）书目控制文件—该文件采用杂凑随机文件结构，每个记录由书目记录控制关键字、文献地址和冲突链组成（见图1）。每个记录的控制关键字，首先考虑用ISBN号（我国今年出版的图书开始使用该号）。对没有该号的图书文献，采用下述方法取号：

1) Bibliographic control document - This document uses a patchy random document structure, each of which consists of a bibliographic log control key, a documentary address and a conflict chain (see figure 1). The control key for each record is considered first, using the ISBN (the number is used for books published this year in our country). For books that do not have it, the following numbering is used:

①整本文献和非书资料，用：题名首字符+著者末字符+地区代码+出版年+页数。

1 Entire literature and non-book material, with: caption character + author's last character + area code + publication year + page number.

②析出文献用录入号（即系统分配的顺序号）。

2 Parses the entry number for the literature (i.e. the serial number of the system allocation).

书目控制关键字的取号要求是唯一性较为方便。本系统通过该文件将可对所有输入数据库的书目记录进行控制，实现快速查找或修改。

This document will enable the system to control all bibliographic records entered into the database and enable quick search or modification.

2）主数据文件—该文件采用固定长记录可变长字段的随机文件结构，记录长256字节。如有数据溢出，溢映部分将存入溢出文件中。本系统将所有书目数据划分为3种类型：整本文献、析出文献和非书资料。每种类型的字段虽有不同，但可存贮于同一数据文件中，通过文献类型代码进行识别。为便于新数据的处理，本系统又将主数据文件分为新书文件和数据库主文件两种。新录入的数据暂存于新书文件中，待打印出文献通报和地区索引后，再合并入数据库主文件。数据库主文件的记录是按文献通报的顺序号排列的。主数据文件的记录字段考虑了同国家机读目录的一致性，在必要的时候可通过一个格式转换程序，把书目数据的系统内部格式转换为标准格式，以利于资源共享。本系统的书目记录输出，采用了汉字取整装配技术，并按国家文献著录标准在各著录项目中加入分隔符号。

2) Main data files - The document uses a random file structure with a fixed long record variable length field, with 256 bytes of records. If the data spill is made, the spilling part will be deposited into the spill file. The system divides all bibliographic data into three types: whole literature, analytical literature, and non-book information. Each type of field, although different, can be stored in the same data file, and is identified by the same document type code. To facilitate the processing of new data, the system divides the master data files into new book files and database master files. The newly recorded data logs are stored in new book files, and, after printing bibliographies and regional indexes, are merged into the database master files. The records of the database documents are organized according to the serial numbers of the reports. The records of the master data files take into account consistency with the national machine catalogues, and the internal format of the bibliographic data system can be converted into a standard format to facilitate resource sharing.

3）数据库倒排文件---该文件采用二级索引结构：第一级是杂凑随机文件，每记录分为前链和后链两个字段。第二级是顺序随机文件，每记录分为文献地址和后链两个字段。这样，一级索引作为检索入口指向二级索引，二级索引通过每个记录的后链集中了相关文献，通过文献地址就能查得所需文献。图2为示意图。采用这种文件结构的文献检索算法如下：

3) Reverse files in the database - this document uses a secondary index structure: the first level is a collection of random documents, with each record divided into two fields in the front and back chains. The second level is a sequenced random document, with each record divided into two fields in the documentary address and back chain. In this way, the first level index points to the second level as a search entry, and the second level index aggregates the relevant literature through the back chain of each record, so that the required documentation can be found through the documentation address. Figure 2 is a diagram. The documentation search algorithm using this file structure is as follows:

①接收一个检索表达式KEYS

1 Receives a search expression KEYS

②生成提问表（即把表达式中的关键字存入检索比较工作区）

2 Generate question sheet (i.e. place key words from expressions in the comparison workspace)

③生成检索逻辑尺

3 Generate Retrieval Logic Rule

④根据工作区中元素的映射地址（杂凑）取出前链R

4 Excavated chain R based on the map address of the elements in the workspace (combined)

⑤从R指示地址在二级索引中取出真正的文献地址后链L

5 Remove the real Repository L from the R-directed address in the secondary index

⑤按B指示地址在主数据文件中读出一个书目记录

5 Read a bibliographic record in the master data file at a B-indicated address

⑦将该记录同工作区元素作字符串比较，得到其文献逻辑值

7 Compare the record with the elements of the workspace by string and obtain the loglogic values

⑧文献逻辑值同检索逻辑尺作比较，符合者为命中文献

8 Documential Logic Values compared to Retrieval Logic Rule

⑨判L等于零？是则检索结束，否则LR，转⑤

Nine Ls equal zero? That's the end of the search. LR, turn five.

我们认为，这种以二级索引文件结构为基础，用杂凑映射作为快速寻址，用逻辑尺进行二次精确检索的算法，是一个新颖有效的算法。同时，在索引中仅存贮指针，可比传统的索引文件节省75％的空间。本系统首次检索的响应时间均低于2秒，二次检索的响应时间则因检索式的复杂程度而有不同程度的减慢。

We believe that this algorithm, based on the secondary index file structure, is a novel and effective algorithm for secondary precision search using a synaptic map, using a logical scale. At the same time, saving 75% of the space from traditional index files by storing only a stored pointer in the index. The response time for the system's first search is less than two seconds, while the response time for secondary search is somewhat slower due to the complexity of the search.

（二）词表库

(ii) Thesaurus

词表库的任务是对存贮在机内的地方文献标引词表进行查询和管理。本系统词表文件可分为主表和付表文件，主表存贮正式标引词，付表存贮同义词。为了实现首词集中和快速查词的目的，还设置了词表入口文件。图3为示意图。

The terminological library is tasked with querying and managing the list of references to the local literature stored in the machine. This system vocabulary document can be divided into master and paysheet documents, with the official inscriptions to be stored in the matrix and with the synonyms to be stored in the table. For the purposes of the first word concentration and fast-tracking of words, a vocabulary entry file has also been set up. Figure 3 is a chart.

1）词表入口文件--该文件为映射随机文件，每记录仅存第一个标引词的地址，通过该词第一个汉字的ASCLLI码映射寻址。

1) The word sheet entry document - which is the map of the random file, each record contains only the address of the first caption, and the location of the ASCLLI code map of the first Chinese word of the word.

2）主表文件--该文件为随机文件，每记录由标引词字段和后链组成。通过后链便可查到首字相同的所有标引词。

2) The master table document - this document is a random document, each record consists of a crossword field and a back chain.

3）付表文件--该文件为顺序文件，用于存贮正式标引词的同义词。

3) Payment table document - this document is sequential and is used to store synonyms for official captions.

本系统通过上述文件结构和算法，已在机内建立了拥有4，000多个标引词的词库，实现了标引词快速查找、首词集中显示、标引词扩检与缩检、同义词参见和词表打印等功能。

Through the above-mentioned document structure and algorithms, the system has established on-board a vocabulary with more than 4,000 captions and has achieved such functions as quick search of captions, concentration of first words, expansion and indentation of quotes, synonym reference and vocabulary printing.

（三）征集库

(iii) Collections

征集库的任务是建立地方文献连续出版物档案，实现征集工作的现代化管理。征集库的文件主要有刊号控制文件、现刊管理文件、期刊主文件、记到数据文件。

The purpose of the collection is to create a local collection of serial publications and to modernize the management of the collection.

1）刊号控制文件---该文件用于存贮每种广东期刊的刊号（包括邮局刊号和内部期刊登记号），对数据库的期刊进行控制，其结构为杂凑随机文件。每记录有刊号和文献地址两个字段。

1) Issue number control document - this document is used to store the serial numbers of each Guangdong periodical (including post office and internal periodical registration numbers) and controls the periodicals in the database, which is structured as a patchwork of random documents.

2）现刊管理文件---该文件用于存贮每种期刊的刊名、刊号、索取号、出版单位、地址、装订周期等管理数据，其结构为顺序随机文件。

2) Current issue management document - This document is used to store management data on the name, issue number, request number, publishing unit, address, binding cycle, etc. of each periodical and is structured in order of random documents.

3）期刊主文件---该文件用于存贮每种期刊的基本著录事项。每记录长256字节，溢出部分存入溢出文件。

3) The principal document of a periodical - this document is used to store the basic writings of each periodical.

4）记到数据文件---用于存贮每种期刊的记到数据，每种刊作为一个逻辑记录，采用二维数组结构。该文件以年为单位存贮数据，即每年生成一个记到文件。

4) Record data files - they are used to store the data in each periodical, each using a two-dimensional array structure as a logical record. This document stores data in units of a year, that is, to generate one document per year.

以上文件的每个记录均存在映射关系，即每种期刊记录在不同文件中的地址是一致的。只要在刊号控制文件中查得某刊的地址，就可在各个文件中访问有关记录。由于我们采取了合理的文件结构，因而能使系统适应期刊经常发生的创刊、合刊、增刊、停刊、改刊期、改刊名、改发行方式等动态变化，有较强的实用性。这点对于地方文献征集工作的电脑化管理是至关重要的。

Each of the above documents has a mapping relationship, i.e., each periodical is recorded at the same address as the other document. As long as the address of a particular issue is found in the issue control document, the records can be accessed in each document.

五、地方文献的著录与标引

V. RECORDS AND CUTS OF THE LANGUAGES

为了达到资源共享的目的，地方文献的著录与标引也必须实现标准化。我馆在建立地方文献数据库的过程中，对地方文献的著录和标引的标准化十分重视，采取了下面的一些做法：

In the process of creating the local documentation database, we attach great importance to the standardization of local documentation, and some of the following approaches have been taken:

1．在进行数据库总体设计的同时，请本馆有丰富文献工作经验的同志组成科研课题组，起草制定了《文献标引员手册》。该手册对数据库的收录范围、文献著录标引工作细则、文献通报编制体例等都作了规定。从而为文献著录标引工作的标准化奠定了基础。

1. In conjunction with the overall design of the database, comrades with extensive literature experience have been asked to form a research group and to draft and develop the Bibliographer's Manual, which sets out the scope of the database, the rules governing the recording of entries, the regulations governing the preparation of bibliographies, etc., thus laying the groundwork for the standardization of the work of the bibliographies.

2．在建库前，对文献标引员进行业务考核，选择工作责任心强，经过图书馆专业培训，有三年以上图书馆工作经验，并有一定文献工作实践的同志担任文献标引员。

2. Prior to the establishment of the library, the document labeler is evaluated for his/her operations, he/she is responsible for his/her selection, he/she has had professional training in the library, he/she has had more than three years of experience in the work of the library, and he/she has some documentary practice as a document guide.

3．印制地方文献书目数据录入工作单，要求文献标引员根据国家文献著录标准进行著录，并按录入单格式进行填写。这样可以减少因不熟悉著录格式而产生的错误。

3. Production of worksheets for the local bibliography data entry, requiring the documentator to record them in accordance with national standards for the writing of the literature and to fill them in in the form of the entry list. This will reduce errors resulting from lack of familiarity with the format of the record.

4．标引员标引的数据录入单，由数据库文献工作组最后审核定稿。审核的内容包括：著录文献的选题、著录的格式、分类和主题标引。在实践中我们感到，标引文献的审核，对提高数据库的文献质量，有着十分重要的作用，因此，应由有较高业务水平的同志负责把关，并注意保持文献标引人员队伍的相对稳定。

4. The list of data referenced by the labeler is finalised by the Working Group on Database Documentation. The contents of the review include the selection of titles, the format, classification and subject-references of the document. In practice, we feel that the review of the subject-referenced document is of great importance for improving the quality of the database, and it is therefore up to comrades with a high level of business to take care of it and to maintain the relative stability of the document-referenced staff.

5．数据库书目数据均采用《中图法》分类体系。对同一文献的多个主题，尽量采取了组配方式生成分类号，以便充分发挥电脑多途径检索的优势。

Database bibliographic data are classified using the Central Chart system. For multiple subjects of the same literature, the classification numbers are created as much as possible in a grouping manner in order to take full advantage of multi-accessible computers.

6．以《汉语主题词表》为基础，根据地方文献的特点编制文献标引词表。《汉语主题词表》是一部综合性的文献标引工具，收词多而广泛。但由于《汉语主题词表》的编制是从全国范围的通用性来考虑的，对标引地方独特事物，便缺乏实用性。因此，我们在力求使用词表中正式主题词的同时，根据地方文献标引的需要，使用了许多“表外词”，有些地方，还对词表的规定作了一些变动。这可以从两方面来说明：

Based on the "Hanese Topical Glossary" and based on the characteristics of the local literature, the "Hanish Theme Table" is a comprehensive documentation guide tool with a large and wide range of words. Since the "Hanish Theme Table" has been prepared from a national perspective, there is a lack of practicality in the labelling of unique local features. Therefore, while we have sought to use the official subject-matter of the glossary, many “outlines” have been used, depending on the need for local literature to be quoted, and in some cases some changes have been made to the wording of the glossary. This can be illustrated in two ways:

1）由于新概念的大量涌现，词表未及收入的新学科、新事物的新名词，现已形成可描述的叙词，例如：“经济法”、“经济纠纷”、“体制改革”、“第三产业”、“信息业”、“港元”……等等。它们在文献中出现的频率很高，但没有合适的直接上位词可用，也没有合适的概念接近的词可用，我们就把这些词作为正式词使用。

1) As a result of the proliferation of new concepts and new nouns for new disciplines and new things not included in the glossary, descriptive terms have been developed, such as “economic law”, “economic dispute”, “institutional reform”, “third sector”, “information industry”, “port currency” etc. They appear very frequently in the literature, but there are no appropriate direct adjectives and there are no appropriate conceptual approximations, which we use as official words.

2）由于地方文献的特性需要，常常为综合性大型词表所难以照应，如名胜、古迹这一范畴内，就只列了“圆明园”等15个词，其中除“黄鹤楼”“孔庙”等词外，多数是北京地区的名胜古迹，这确实是不合用也不够用的。对这类情况我们作了一些调整。如词表规定，“东江纵队”、“琼崖操队”统用“华南抗日游击队”，也就是以上位概念取代具体事物，这从全国范围的检索需要来看可能是合理的。但从本地区出发，“东纵”和“琼纵”却是专指性极强的词。这两支革命武装有各自不同的历史、活动地区、代表人物文献量又很大。因此，我们改变“用”、“代”关系，不用“华南抗日游击队”，而直接用“东江纵队”、“琼崖纵队”。有些类似情况而文献量不大的，则采用直接上位词做正式主题词，加地方特有事物的关键词，以“，”号倒置。如“寺庙，华南寺”、“寺庙，光孝寺”、“刺绣，广绣”、“刺绣，潮绣”等。“，”号后的关键词，仅起限定和说明的作用，不参加累积索引的轮排，也不作为检索入口。凡地方事物、事件、人物而没有相应的主题词的，如：“黄埔军校”、“丘逢甲”等等，则一律标关键词。我们对这些使用过的关键词，也注意了规范。

2) Due to the characteristics of the local literature, it is often difficult to cope with a comprehensive large list of terms, such as the name and the ancient site, which may be justified in terms of the need for retrieval at the national level. But from the region, the terms “Tunghu” and “Tunghu” are very specific, but most of them are in Beijing. These two revolutions have different histories, areas of activity, and a large amount of documentation representing people. As a result, we have changed the words “toad” relationship, instead of the words “Hongnam anti-Japanese guerrillas” and directly replaced the specifics with the words “The South Jail” and “The East River Violator” and “The Blue Cliff Brigade.” Some similar cases, but not much of the literature, have been used as the official theme. These two revolutions have different histories, theatres, representative figures, etc.

六、结束语

VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS

中师教育要实现标准化、现代化，教育、教学管理就要科学化、规范化。为此，建立一套完善的评估制度和各学科教学质量评估标准，建设中师各学科题库，充分利用计算机这一现代化工具优化教学质量管理，势在必行。本文试图就中师数学题库建设中的若干问题作些探讨。

In order to standardize and modernize teacher education, education and teaching management must be scientificized and standardized. To that end, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive assessment system and standards for the assessment of the quality of teaching and learning in all disciplines, to build a database of subjects in all disciplines, and to optimize the quality of teaching by making full use of computers as a modern tool.

一、建设题库有利于中师教学质量评估科学化、规范化

I. Building a collection of issues to facilitate scientific and normative assessment of the quality of teaching and learning by Chinese teachers

中师教育是定向的职业教育，因此，中师考试（包括全省毕业会考、校际统考和校内的各种考试）不像高中考试那样在很大程度上受全国性“高考”的影响和制约，然而，它的基本功能同样是科学、客观、准确地检测学生的学习效果，有效、可靠地评价教学质量。对中师考试命题同样有高标准的质量要求，即要求这具有科学性、可靠性和有效性。这里的科学性是指符合教育测量原理，采用适当的测量手段和合理的评判标准；这里的可靠性又称作信度，是指考试分数的稳定性和一致性；这里的有效性又称作效度，是指一次考试对所要测量的指标实施测量后所得结果的准确程度。

Secondary teacher education is targeted vocational education, so that the middle teacher examination (including provincial graduation examinations, inter-school examinations and all types of intra-school examinations) is not so much influenced and constrained by a national “higher examination” as the high school examination, but its basic function is equally scientific, objective and accurate testing of students' learning results, and an effective and reliable evaluation of the quality of teaching. There are also high quality requirements for the middle-teacher test, i.e. it is required to be scientific, reliable and valid. Scientificity here refers to the application of appropriate measures and reasonable evaluation criteria, which are consistent with the principles of educational measurement; reliability here is also called confidence, which is the stability and consistency of examination scores; and effectiveness here is also called effectiveness, which is the accuracy of the results obtained by a single examination in the application of the measurement of the indicators to be measured.

近年来，各地中师的管理干部和教师在改革考试方法、提高考试命题质量方面作了许多探索。例如不少学校都采用了“教考分离”的方法，在期中和期末考试前，或者组织校内交叉命题，或者聘请外校优秀教师命题。有些省组织全省统一命题。有些地区的若干所中师联合起来协作命题，请协作单位内各学科第一流的教师分工负责命题，编制供各校选用的参考试卷。例如1994年底苏州、无锡、常州、泰兴等地的8所中师联合组织了涉及8个主要学科的期末考试协作命题。应当说，采取这些措施对于提高考试命题的客观性和权威性，对于增强命题教师的责任感、提高考试命题的质量等，都有一定的成效。但是，实践表明这些改革举措在提高考试命题的质量和效率方面并没有取得突破性的进展，没有产生“质”的飞跃。其根本原因在于命题教师目前只具备沿用传统方式，即经验型的、手工作坊式的命题方式进行命题的条件，不具备运用现代化命题手段的条件。目前供命题教师选择试题的“资料库”是一些参考书和习题集（其中供中师专用的很少），试题的取舍完全取决于少数命题者对教学内容、教学目标的理解，对试题难度的把握多半取决于他们对学生学习水平的估计，命题的整个操作过程以少数命题者的教学经验为参照系，因此主观认识上的局限性、随意性难以避免，命题质量往往低于人们的期望值。常见的命题失误有以下几种：

In recent years, there have been many attempts by managers and teachers in various regions to reform examination methods and improve the quality of examination titles. For example, eight teachers in Suzhou, Tinless, Changzhou, Taejing and others in Suzhou at the end of 1994 have co-organized final examination collaborations involving eight major disciplines, or have organized cross-examinations in schools, or have hired excellent teachers in foreign schools. Some provincial organizations have unified province-wide claims. Several teachers in some areas have joined together to discuss the issue.

1、试题内容的知识覆盖面过窄。各部分考核内容在试题数量、权重分配方面比例失调，某些章节的试题过多（或过少），权重过大（或过小）。或者考核内容与考核目标的分层要求之间出现明显的不协调，例如某一考核内容的试题其最低层次（识记）和最高层次（创见）的比重过大，中间层次（理解和运用）的比重过小。

1. Knowledge of the content of the test is too narrow. There is an imbalance in the number and weight distribution of the test content in some parts, too many (or too little) and too much (or too little) in some chapters. There is a marked mismatch between the content of the test and the hierarchy of the test objectives, such as the disproportionately high minimum level of knowledge and the highest level of perception of the test content, and the low proportion of the intermediate level (understanding and application).

2、同一份试卷中试题的难度高低起伏太大，有些题特别难，有些题特别容易，因为导致部分试题的区分度接近于0。或者，试卷中全部是中等难度的题，难度差异过小。这样，使整套试题的信度、效度都不高。

2. The difficulty of the test topics in the same paper is too high and too high, and some are particularly difficult, and some are particularly easy, because some of the questions are close to zero. Alternatively, all of the questions in the paper are of medium difficulty, and the difficulty is too small.

3、试题的总量偏多（或偏少），试卷的总体要求偏高（或偏低），使考生的考试用时偏紧（或偏松），平均考分过低（或过高）。

3. The large (or small) total number of test questions and the overall high (or low) requirement for the examination papers have led to tight (or loose) examination times for candidates and low (or excessive) average scores.

4、试题的内容和表达形式比较陈旧，试卷中流传已久的“保留题”、“成题”过多，经加工、创新的题目少，反映新教材编写新意的题目少。

4. The content and presentation of the test topics are relatively old, there are too many “reservations” and “issues” in the papers, fewer processed and innovative topics and fewer topics reflecting new ideas for the development of new teaching materials.

采用经验型的、手工作坊式的命题方式，有时免不了要作低水平的重复劳动，不仅使考试命题的质量难以提高，而且使命题工作乃至学校对考试的组织管理工作的效率都难以提高。因此，教师常有“出试卷难，出高质量试卷更难”的感叹。

Empirical, hand-workshop approaches sometimes lead to low-level duplication of effort, making it difficult not only to improve the quality of examination issues, but also to improve the effectiveness of mission work and even school management of examinations. Thus, teachers often find it difficult to “exaggerate and produce high-quality tests.”

题库应用技术是提高教育测量效果与效率的一种新技术。建立题库，在现代教育理论指导下在命题技术方面来一场革命，这是提高中师考试命题质量，使教学质量评估科学化、规范化的重要途径。题库应用技术推广以后，教师将告别手工命题的传统方式，只要通过键盘操作就能让计算机自动产生高质量的试卷。这对于提高教学质量管理水平，对于逐步实现教师办公自动化等都有重要意义。这是因为：

This is an important way to improve the quality of teacher examinations and to make them scientifically and normatively evaluated. With the extension of the application, teachers will leave behind the traditional method of handwriting, which automatically allows computers to produce high-quality tests, provided that they operate on keyboards. This is important for improving the quality management of teaching and is important for the progressive automation of teachers’ offices, among other things:

1、题库是大批优良试题的储存库，凡是入库的试题都是经过严格筛选，并按合理的原则组织起来的，其技术参数、质量指标（如难度、区分度等）是经过测定的。题库犹如“零件库”，题目数量多，品种齐全，规格型号标注清楚，检索方使，可为组装各类优质“产品”提供足够多的“标准件”。而且库内的优良试题不会只用一次就丢弃，可以不断积累、充实。

1. The collection is a repository of a large number of good test questions, which are carefully screened and organized according to reasonable principles, and whose technical parameters, quality indicators (e.g. difficulty, differentiation, etc.) are determined. The collection is like a “parts bank” with a large number of topics, a full variety of topics, a clear specification model, and a searcher makes it possible to provide enough “standards” to assemble a variety of high-quality “products” that are not discarded once and can be accumulated and enriched.

2、题库内的全部试题都具有标准统一的技术参数，便于人们按照一定的科学程序，按试题已有的技术参数挑选试题，优化组合成内容、性质、难度等各不相同的试卷，使试卷符合预定的各项质量指标，保证考试的信度和效度，从而使整个测量系统具有较好的稳定性、一致性和通用性。

2. All of the test questions in the collection have standard uniform technical parameters that allow for the selection of test questions according to the technical parameters already in place, in accordance with scientific procedures, to optimize the combination of different test papers, such as content, nature, difficulty, etc., in order to bring them into line with the intended quality indicators and to guarantee the credibility and effectiveness of the examination, thereby providing a better stability, consistency and universality of the entire measurement system.

3、由计算机管理题库，自动化程度高，可大大提高命题工作的效率，减轻命题教师负担。计算机题库系统具有自动寻找的功能，便于教师通过手指击键、自行选题编卷。利用这种管理系统还能让计算机根据命题要求自动自成试卷，自动完成试卷及考分的等值处理，必要时还能生成互相等值的平行试卷，能客观地比较历次考试的不同水平，从而为教学质量的优化管理提供科学依据。

3. A computer-managed archive, with a high degree of automation, can greatly improve the efficiency of subject matter work and reduce the burden on title teachers. A computer-based database system has an automatic search function that allows teachers to use finger-clicking and pick-ups. The system also allows computers to automatically compose test papers and test-point equivalents according to the test, and, if necessary, produce parallel examinations with equivalents that can objectively compare different levels of examinations, thus providing a scientific basis for the optimal management of the quality of teaching.

4、利用题库系统自动生成试卷，要求命题者事先制订好详细的命题计划，并按规定输入有关信息，这有助于克服命题的盲目性和随意性，使命题过程规范化。

4. The automatic generation of test papers using a system of question banks, which requires mandate holders to prepare a detailed title plan in advance and to enter the relevant information as required, helps to overcome the blindness and arbitrariness of the subject matter and to regularize the mission process.

二、建设中师数学题库的指导思想与原则

II. GUIDELINES AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF THE STANDARD METHODOLOGY STUDIES

学科题库与习题集、题典的实质性区别在于它是一个运用教育测量学、教育统计学的原理和方法，借助于先进的计算机软件技术而建立起来的教学测量系统。构建题库是一项复杂的系统工程。在建立一个规模较大、功能齐全、水平较高的题库前，首先必须明确建库的工作目标、指导思想与原则。

The substantive difference between the subject bank and the philosophies, the monographs, is that it is a pedagogical measurement system based on the principles and methods of educational surveying, educational statistics, built with advanced computer software technology. Building it is a complex system project.

构建中师数学题库的工作目标是要形成一个适应目前和未来中师数学教学需要，能服务于各地中师日常教学和各类学习水平测试需要的通用测试系统。这个系统的核心部分由一个具有分层结构的题库群组成。这个题库群中有一个是总库，还有若干个相互独立又有密切联系的一级分库（例如代数分库、立体几何分库、解析几何分库、小学数学基础理论分库、小学数学教材教法分库等），每个一级分库下可再设二级分库（例如代数分库下面再设集合分库、函数分库、不等式分库、数列分库、排列组合分库、复数分库等等）。总库与各级分库之间的关系呈树形结构。总库和各级分库都配备有相应的试卷生成系统等处理系统。这样安排，既有利于分阶段、分工完成建库工作，又有利于灵活使用各级题库。

The objective of the construction of the Master Mathematics Library is to develop a universal test system that is adapted to current and future teacher-mathematical teaching needs, serving the daily teaching of teachers and the testing of all types of learning levels in each region. The core part of the system consists of a cluster of questions with a layered structure. One of the pools is a matrix, with a number of separate and closely linked tiers (e.g. an algebrae, stereogeometry, diagnostic diagnostics, diagnoses of primary school mathematics, teaching aids of primary school mathematics, etc.).

构建中师数学题库的指导思想应是：以国家教委的中师数学教学大纲和全国通用中师数学教材为依据，以教育学、心理学原理为指导，以科学的教育测量技术和计算机应用技术为基础，以各地优秀的中师数学教师先进的教学实践经验为参照。不仅要使题库质量充分体现本学科最优秀的专家、教师的水平，同时还要融合心理与教育测理人员、计算机专业人员，同时还要融合心理与教育测理人员、计算机专业人员和中师教育行政管理人员的集体智慧。

The idea of building a database of Chinese teachers' mathematics should be based on the curriculum of the National Board of Education for Chinese teachers and the national curriculum for general secondary teachers' mathematics, guided by the principles of education, psychology, science for educational measurement and computer applications, and based on the advanced teaching and practical experience of high-quality teachers in mathematics in various regions. Not only should the quality of the collection be fully reflected in the best specialists and teachers in the field, but it should also integrate psychological and educational surveyors, computer professionals, and the collective wisdom of psychological and educational surveyors, computer professionals and middle-level education administrators.

就建库实践而言，应贯彻以下几项原则：

The following principles should be applied in the context of the build-up practice:

1、在建库的初级阶段，应以经典测量理论为指导理论。这样有利于题库的协作共建和迅速推广应用。目前最有代表性的教育测量理论有两种：经典测量理论（简称CTT）和题目反应理论（简称IRT）。它们在本质上是一致的，都是通过考试分数来推测学生的能力水平，主要区别在于对试题的技术参数的分析及演绎的功能方面。

1. In the early stages of building banks, the theory should be guided by classic measurements. This facilitates collaborative co-construction and rapid dissemination of applications. There are currently two most representative educational measurement theories: the classic measurement theory (CTT) and the subject-response theory (IRT). They are essentially consistent, using test scores to extrapolate the students’ level of competence, with the main difference between the functional aspects of the analysis of the technical parameters of the test and the interpretation of the test.

CTT是传统教育测量理论的代表。它对试题的难度、区分度等参数采用直接测算的办法。例如，用一组被试解答某个试题的实际得分相对于满分值的比率来确定该试题的难度参数。这比较符合人们的思维习惯和一般教师的操作习惯。CTT的主要缺点是它对试题技术参数的测定结果受样本的影响较大，这对组拼试卷会有不利影响（这种影响经多次实测、对试题参数不断修正后可望减小）。

CTT is a representative of the traditional educational measurement theory. It uses a direct measurement approach to parameters such as the difficulty of the test. For example, it uses a set of actual scores versus the full scores of the test questions to determine the difficulty parameters of the test. This is more in line with people’s mindsets and general teachers’ habits. The main disadvantage of the CTT is that its measurement of the technical parameters of the test is more influenced by the sample, which may have a negative effect on the grouping of the test papers (which is measured several times, and which is expected to decrease when the test parameters are constantly revised).

IRT是现代教育测量理论的代表。从理论的严密性、深刻性来说它比CTT更优越。IRT通过把学生的能力水平与答对题目的概率挂钩来决定试题的技术参数（如难度、区分度等），借助题目特征曲线来表征这种关系，与样本不直接相关。在这方面较CTT更合理。但是，由于IRT的技术复杂，参数测试的工作量大，不如CTT直观、简明，因此目前难以大面积推广。

IRT is a representative of modern educational measurement theory. It is better than the CTT in terms of theoretical rigour and depth. IRT determines the technical parameters of the test by linking the student's level of competence to the probability of answering the subject (e.g. difficulty, degree of differentiation, etc.), which is not directly related to the sample. It is more rational in this regard than the CTT. However, given the technical complexity of IRT, the workload of parameter testing is much greater than that of CTT visualization and simplicity.

2、中师数学题库应具有鲜明的中师特色，体现中师数学教学大纲的各项要求，适应中师生的学习水平，应与经国家教委审定的“中师数学学科教学质量评估标准”配套。对于“高中数学题库”、“中专数学题库”中的优秀试题，只要内容相符，可以移值或借鉴，但不可原封不动照搬，对其技术参数等应作相应处理。

2. The Chinese Teacher Mathematics Journal should have a strong teacher profile, reflect the requirements of the Chinese teacher's mathematics curriculum, and be adapted to the teacher's and student's learning level. It should be accompanied by the “Quality Assessment Standards for the Teaching of Chinese Teacher and Mathematics” approved by the National Board of Education.

3、题题中试题的储存量要足够大。中师数学教学大纲中的每一部分内容，都应有从不同角度考查的题，都应有不同难度的题。试题总量就充分满足中师各年级“节”的形成性测验、“章”的单元测验以及学期考试、学年考试、结业考试等命题的需要。

The total number of questions should be sufficient to meet the needs of the “fest” formation test, the “chapter” test and the test for the term, the school year examination, the final examination, etc.

4、题库中试题的分类要清楚，组织要严密。可先按考试类别分类，再按教学内容分类，同一教学内容的试题，根据教学目标的层次高低、试题的难度高低按顺序排列。

The list of questions in the collection should be clear and organized.

5、入库的每道试题的题意要清楚，题文用语要准确、精炼，题图要规范，并附标准答案（或答案要点）、满分值、评分规定、难度参数、区分度参数、答题时间等信息。

5. The subject matter of each test in the library should be clear, the language of the paper should be accurate and precise, the map should be standardized and accompanied by information on standard answers (or key points for answers), full score values, rating requirements, difficulty parameters, distinguishing parameters, question time, etc.

6、题库应是一个动态系统，能供用户随时增删题目，更换题中数据。

6. The repository should be a dynamic system that allows users to add and delete topics at any time and to replace data in the subject matter.

7、题库作为一个数学测量系统，应随时保持其整体性和可靠性。

7. As a mathematical measurement system, the matrix should always maintain its integrity and reliability.

8、建设中师数学题库应有一个高起点，应充分吸收和利用国内外题库建设的先进经验。

8. There should be a high point of departure for the construction of a database of medium-sized teachers, which should fully incorporate and utilize the best practices of national and international collections.

三、中师数学题库管理系统的组成与主要功能

III. Composition and main functions of the Mathematics Library Management System

中师数学题库的计算机管理系统应有五个方面的功能：建库和维护，查询检索，生成试卷，编辑输出，测试分析。为了实现这些功能，要建立以下六个子系统：

The computer management system of the Chinese Mathematics Library should have five functions: build and maintain, search and search, produce test papers, edit output, test analysis. To achieve these functions, the following six subsystems are to be established:

1、建库和维护子系统。其一能用于建库，将每道入选试题的题文、题图、答文、答图、技术指标等有关信息分别存在题文库、题图库、答文库、答图库、指标库等子库内。各子库内属于同一道试题的信息通过统一的题号联系起来，以便于作同步处理。其二能用于题库的维护，如增、删、修改、替换试题，调整试题。

1. Builds and maintains subsystems. One can be used as a repository, and the other can be used as a repository for each of the selected subjects, questions, maps, responses, technical indicators, etc., respectively, in a collection of issues, maps, answering libraries, answering libraries, and databases of indicators. The information in the sub-pools that is part of the same test is linked by a unified number to facilitate synchronization. The other can be used as a repository maintenance, such as adding, deleting, modifying, replacing and adjusting the test.

2、查询和检索子系统。其功能是查询库中试题的分布情况，可根据用户要求，检索任一试题的题文、题图等有关信息。

2. Query and retrieval subsystems. Its function is the distribution of test questions in the search library, which can be retrieved on a user's request for information on any test subject, subject map, etc.

3、交互式组卷子系统。其功能是供用户通过与机器“对话”的方式，提出命题要求和选择项目，自行选题编卷。

3. Interactive grouping of scrolling systems. Its function is for users to request and select items in a way that is “dialogued” with the machine, choosing their own volume.

4、自动组卷子系统。其功能是根据用户所输入的命题要求，如考试类别、试题所属章节、试题类型与个数、考试用时、试题难度、区分度等指标，自动生成符合要求的试卷。

4. Auto-assembly subsystems. The function is to automatically generate the required test papers according to the type of examination, the chapter to which the test belongs, the type and number of questions, the duration of the examination, the difficulty of the test, the degree of differentiation, etc.

5、编辑输出子系统。其功能是对所生成的试卷自动排版、编辑，并打印输出（包括打印试卷、答案、评分规定及有关指标等）。

Edits the output subsystems. Its function is to automatically type, edit and print out the papers generated (including printed papers, answers, rating requirements and related indicators, etc.).

6、测试分析子系统。其功能是对所输入的考试结果进行统计分析，然后输出试卷和各试题的实测指标，为个性库中试题的有关指标提供依据。

6. Test and analyse subsystems. Its function is to conduct a statistical analysis of the examination results entered and then to produce empirical indicators for the test papers and the test questions, which provide the basis for the relevant indicators for the test in the personal library.

以上六个子系统在主控模块的控制下互相联系，协同配合，组成一个多功能的管理系统。

The above six subsystems are linked to each other under the control of the master control module and work together to form a multifunctional management system.

四、建设中师数学题库的实施步骤

IV. Steps to be taken in the implementation of the Master Mathematics Collection

建设中师数学题库是一项计划性强、工作量大、化费时间长的复杂工作。其主要工作的流程可这样安排：

The construction of the Chinese Mathematics Bank is a complex, planned, heavy workload and time-consuming process.

建立课题组确定命题计划编题与征题试测与题目分析等值化处理编辑和组织试题计算机软件设计输入程序和数据检验和试用软件。

Set up a theme group to determine the design of a title plan, the design of a computer software application and the testing and testing of software for editing and organizing the test computer software.

关于上述各个工作环节的实施要点，本文不一一详述。这里只对其中几个主要环节提一些看法和建议。

The main points of implementation for each of the above-mentioned work areas are not detailed in the present document.

1、建立课题组。最适当的主持单位可以是国家教委考试管理中心，也可以是“全国高师数学教育研究会中师工作委员会”。这个课题组的主要成员，似应包括编订中师数学教学大纲的专家、编写中师数学教材的行家、在教学第一线任教的优秀数学教师、从事考试研究的专业人员和高水平的计算机软件工作者。由于工作量巨大，可考虑成立若干个以省、市为单位的协作组。可先在少数省市搞试点。

One of the most appropriate facilitators could be the National Board of Education Examinations Management Centre, or the “Teacher Working Committee of the National Association of Higher Teachers for Mathematics Education.” The main members of this group might include experts in the preparation of teacher-mathematical curricula, practitioners in the development of mathematics materials for Chinese teachers, excellent math teachers in the first line of teaching, professionals in examination studies, and high-level computer software workers.

2、确定命题计划。主要任务是编制出一套详细的“双向细目表”，反映各部分教学内容与教学目标分层要求之间的量化关系，这样的“双向细目表”应逐章逐节编，为整个题库建设工作提出一个具体的蓝图。其中教学目标的分层要求可设“识记”、“理解”、“简单应用”、“综合应用”、“创见”等五项。此项工作最好由各册全国通用教材的编者先完成初稿，然后组织严格的鉴定。

The main task is to produce a detailed “bidirectional breakdown table” reflecting the quantitative relationship between the content of each part of the instruction and the hierarchy of educational objectives. Such a “bidirectional breakdown” should be compiled chapter by chapter, with a specific blueprint for building the entire collection.

【关键词】寄售库存；文献综述

[Keywords] Deposited inventory; literature overview

一、引言

Introduction

寄售库存（Consignment Stock，简称CS）正在各个生产性企业中广泛运用，例如IBM、Dell、Philip、海尔等大型生产企业均采用了CS的库存管理模式，对寄售库存供应商的选择成为了很多生产企业面临的重大问题。寄售库存是指供应商将产品放到采购方的仓库中，在产品没有被采购方消耗之前，产品的所有权仍归供应商所有。寄售库存的合作模式可以有效地降低供应链中的牛鞭效应，使合作双方建立更加长期的战略合作关系，从而提高整个供应链的运作效率。由此可见，关于寄售库存的研究尤为重要。

The consignment stock (Consignment Stock, or CS) is being widely used in various productive enterprises, such as the IBM, Dell, Philip, Haile and others, which have adopted the CS-based inventory management model, and the selection of the supplier of the consignment inventory has become a major problem for many producing enterprises. The consignment stock refers to the supplier’s placing the product in the buyer’s warehouse and the ownership of the product until it is consumed by the purchaser.

二、寄售库存的文献研究

II. Bibliography of consignment stocks

（一）国外研究情况

(i) Study abroad

Valentini和Zavanella（2003）对CS的概念作了较为全面地叙述，根据一个供应商一个采购方的形式考察了CS方式的潜在优势和缺陷。为此，他们将库存成本分解为两部分：一部分是货物本身所占用资金的机会成本，另一部分是货物所占用的物理空间成本[1]；Lucio Zavanela和Simone Zanoni（2009）提出了一个供应商多个采购方时候的寄售库存模式，指出在买卖双方不完全合作时的寄售库存结果；Sijie Li，Zhanbei Zhu，Lihua Huang（2009）通过一个上游的制造商和一个下游的零售商，根据纳什议价模型建立双方合作模型，从而制定了在收入共享契约的条件下买卖双方的寄售合同；Jen-Ming Chen，I-Chen Lin，Huang-Liang Cheng（2010）提出在供应商管理库存和寄售库存协议的共同制约下，通过配电系统的运作建立一个可行的协调合作机制。

Valentini and Zavanella (2003) describe the concept of CS in a more comprehensive manner, examining the potential advantages and shortcomings of the CS approach in the form of a supplier's procuring party. To this end, they divide the cost of inventory into two parts: partly the opportunity cost of the funds occupied by the goods themselves, and partly the physical space costs occupied by the goods [1]; Lucio Zavanela and Simone Zanoni (2009) proposing a model for the consignment of stocks at the time of multiple purchasers from suppliers, noting the results of the consignment of stocks at the time of incomplete cooperation between the seller and the buyer; Sijie Li, Zhanbei Zhu, Lihua Huang (2009) establishing a viable mechanism for coordination of cooperation through the operation of the distribution system through a upstream manufacturer and a downstream retail vendor based on the Nashe bargaining model; and Jen-Ming Chen, I-Chen Lin, Huang-Liang Cheng (2010).

Elodie Adida，Nantaporn Ratisoontorn（2011）通过对比价格共享契约和收入共享契约两种寄售合同，指出供应商的获利情况依据于供应商的不同级别，供应商的差异性决定了其在何种契约条件下的寄售合同更加获益；S.-P. Wang，W.Lee，C.-Y.Chang（2012）指出在考虑采购方的库存容量限制时，构建一个库存管理模型来调节供应商的供货批量来实现寄售库存的管理模式；Simone Zanoni，Mohamad Y.Jaber，Lucio E.Zavanella（2012）提供了一种基于寄售库存（CS）协议的供应商管理库存（VMI），库存持有者怎样利用学习曲线，根据产品制定灵活的供货批量以及供货时间；Moncer A.Hariga，Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari（2013）通过数学模型，构建了一个在供应商管理库存（VMI）和寄售库存（CS）协议下的综合零售货架空间分配和库存模型，使供应商可以最大限度地使用货架的分配空间，从而获得最大利益；Stanislaw Bylka提出在寄售库存（CS）的库存模式下，根据一个供应商一个采购方建立了一个决策模型，即运用生产周期分配模型（production–distribution cycles，PDC）追求利益最大化的同时使产品的运输和仓储成本达到最小；Liang-Tu Chen（2013）通过易腐食物的供应链管理案例，指出在电子商务市场中，利用寄售库存和供应商管理库存的收入共享契约所建立的模型，会使整个供应链产品价格更低、库存量更大，从而使买卖双方达到利益最大化。

Elodie Adida, Nantaporn Ratisoontorn (2011) provides a model for the management of the consignment stock by comparing price-sharing contracts and revenue-sharing contracts, noting that the profitability of the supplier depends on the different levels of the supplier, and that the differential nature of the supplier determines the extent to which it benefits from the contract contract under which it is contracted; S.-P. Wang, W. Lee, C.-Y. Chang (2012) indicates that the construction of an inventory management model to regulate the volume of the supplier's supply through comparison of price-sharing contracts and revenue-sharing contracts; Simone Zanoni, Mohamad Y. Jaber, Lucio E. Zavanella (2012) provides a supplier management stock (VMI) based on the contract agreement for the sale of inventory (CS), the use of learning curves for the development of flexible batches based on the product, as well as the timing of the supply of goods; Moncer A. Hariga, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari (2013) builds a model to maximize the production of the stock (VMI) and the distribution of stock (S) through an integrated retail distribution model that allows the supplier to maximize the distribution of the supply of the stock and the stock (Purbule, using the purchase model, using the purchase model, using the purchase model, using the purchase model, using the market, using the market, using the purchase model, using the market, using the market, using the purchase model, using the market, using the purchase model of the market, using the market, using the market, using the purchase model of the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, the purchase model of the market, using the market, using the market, the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, using the market, the market, the market, using the market, using the market, the market, the market, using the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market, the market

（二）国内研究情况

(ii) National research

雷宣云和陈芳妹（2005）比较了传统存货管理与寄售存货管理两种模式，分析了制造商与零售商之间影响订购水平的关键因素，对制造商最佳存货政策、零售商最佳订购量以及相关利润与成本等问题进行了研究，认为采用寄售存货政策会使制造商与零售商追求彼此利润最大化的同时，也会使整个供应链的利润最大化[2]；刘栋林，高学贤（2006）提出在寄售库存协作中，假设需求对价格敏感，考察了供应商固定分配和浮动分配的两种能力分配机制，认为在两种分配机制下购买商的收益取决于参数的设置，而浮动分配机制对供应商更有利[3]；郭祥雷，林斌，孙云飞（2010）运用数学建模和数值分析方法研究了基于（Q，r）补货策略的寄售库存模式中合同参数的优化问题，指出零售商可以通过设置合理的罚金b来激励供应商选择合理的r和Q，使得最低的期望库存水平高于r，并使成本达到最优[4]；黄庆扬，陈俊芳（2010）假定需求提前期是随机且可控的，得出CS方式下买卖双方的联合期望总成本公式，然后将订货量、订货点、提前期、运送次数作为决策变量，求得系统的最优参数设置及最小总成本，最后运用仿真的形式表明无论在确定还是随机环境中，CS方式的总成本都可能优于集成化库存方式[5]。

A comparison between traditional inventory management and consignment stock management models was made, the key factors affecting the level of ordering between manufacturers and retailers were analysed, the best inventory policy of manufacturers, the best order of retailers and related profits and costs were studied, and it was argued that the adoption of a consignment inventory policy would maximize profits for manufacturers and retailers while maximizing profits for the entire supply chain [2]; Liu Dinglin, Qianxian (2006) raised the issue of optimization of contract parameters in the consignment stock model based on (Q.r) replenishment strategies, noting that retailers could use reasonable penalties to encourage suppliers to select reasonable r and Q, to make the minimum expectations higher than r, and to maximize the cost to suppliers [3]; Guo Xiang Lei, Linbin, Sun Yunfir (2010), using mathematical modelling and numerical analysis methods, to study the optimalness of contract parameters in the consignment model based on (Q.r) replenishment strategies, to suggest that the retailer could use a reasonable penaltyb to encourage buyers to select final r and Q, to make the minimum expectations higher than r, and to achieve the best cost method[4]; and the overall demand for stock was determined by a combination of a combination of the S and S.

李由（2011）通过中国石油公司的案例分析，介绍了在ERP业务流程环境下，实施寄售库存可以充分利用社会资源、降低存货风险、加速企业资金周转、节约物流成本[6]；金光禹和赵一飞（2011）采用作业成本法，对寄售型和公共型两种保税物流作业流程进行分析，认为在寄售型保税物流中，总成本和时间效率均比公共型保税物流作业占优势，从而认定寄售型保税仓库具有更优的经济性[7]；桂华明，马士华，谢磊（2012），建立了一对一的供应链在寄售情形下的成本函数和批量模型，提出了当生产商的最优生产批量小于批发商的最优订货批量时，生产商可以通过按批发商的订货批量提供一定比例寄售，并转移部分获得收益给批发商，从而使生产商和批发商同时获益，从而实现整个供应链的帕累托优化[8]；吴欣欣，黄庆扬（2012）通过ROI、VMI和CS三种库存管理方式的对比，分析三种库存方式下买卖双方成本和利润构成的不同之处，指出：在长期内相对于ROI方式而言，VMI方式下供应链的效率更高；如果卖方的单位存储成本大于买方，CS方式下供应链的长短期效率可能更高于VMI[9]；周宏君和李峰（2012）提出在不完全实现信息共享的前提下，以某泵业制造公司为例，运用寄售库存的库存管理模式，可以组织均衡生产、降低库存、提高资金周转率、降低生产成本，从而使供应链总成本最低[10]；肖建华，任顺霞和秦凡（2012）利用模糊综合评价法对其所构建的制造业寄售库存合作伙伴的评价指标体系进行合理性验证，并运用AHP-DEA两阶段对制造业的寄售库存合作伙伴的选择进行建模，最后以DF公司进行案例分析，为DF公司选择供应商，并指出了模型的有效性和可行性[11]。

In the context of the ERP business process, the implementation of the consignment stock was described by Lee (2011) through the case analysis of the China Oil Company, which, in the context of the ERP business process, could take full advantage of social resources, reduce inventory risk, speed up business liquidity, save logistics costs[6]; the operational cost methodology was used by Gold and Zhao Ix (2011) to analyse the shipping and public insurance logistics operations, arguing that, in the context of the consignment-type insurance logistics, the total cost and time efficiency would prevail over the public insurance logistics operation, thereby recognizing that the consignment-type warehouse would have a better economic character [7]; the cost and volume model of the supply chain in the form of a one-to-one supply chain in the form of an analysis of cost functions and volume models in the form of a single supply chain in the case of a consignment; the value of the manufacturer's best production volume in the case of a consignment, which would be reduced by a proportion of the ordered volume in the consignment, and the share of the proceeds in the sale of the consignment warehouse, which would benefit producers and wholesalers at the same time, thereby optimized the choice of the entire supply chain of the supply chain [8] 8]; and the efficiency of the manufacturer of the stock, which would be reduced by using the short-term production model of the short-term cost of the stock, which would be used by using the short-term costs of the suppliers of the stock, the stock of the stock, the stock, the stock, the stock of the stock of the stock, the stock, the stock, the stock of the stock of the stock of which would be reduced short-cost of the supplier of the stock, the suppliers of the suppliers of the stock, the suppliers of the stock, the suppliers of the suppliers of the stock, the suppliers of the stock, the stock, the suppliers of which would be reduced short-to-to-use of which the stock, the short-use of the companies, the short-use of the stock, the stock, the stock, the suppliers, the short-use of the suppliers, the short-use of the short-use of the suppliers, the short-use of the short-use of the short-use of the shares of the short-use of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of the shares of

三、结论

III. CONCLUSION

随着信息现代化和经济全球化发展，关于寄售库存的研究问题已经成为供应链环境下仍需不断探索和发展的重要课题。通过对比国内外学者的研究，不难发现国内针对寄售库存问题的文献研究较少，在研究程度上也不如国外的研究学者研究的深入、透彻。因此，该课题在我国的研究领域中尚显空白，需要进一步完善和深入研究，从而为我国应用寄售库存管理模式的企业针对如何进行供应商的管理提供借鉴和参考。

With the modernization of information and the globalization of the economy, research on consignment stocks has become an important subject that needs to be explored and developed in the context of the supply chain. By comparing research conducted by national and international scholars, it is easy to find that there is less in-depth and thorough research on consignment stocks in the country than research conducted by researchers from abroad.

参考文献：

References:

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关键词:兴利调度；B/S；

Keywords: Energetic Movement Control; B/S;

水库调度是水库运行管理的中心环节，是为了合理水库的运行工作，解决和协调由于径流不能准确预知情况下水库工作可靠性与经济性的矛盾，减免因调度不当而造成的损失，充分发挥的工程效益。水库调度的安全性主要体现在防洪调度方面，而水库调度的经济性主要体现在兴利调度方面，根据入库水量信息、水库特性、面临的状态及各类约束条件，尽可能的减少弃水，确定不同时期不同情况下的发电计划和实施方案，使水电站的发电效益最大。随着电子技术、计算机技术的发展和计算机应用的日益普及，水库兴利调度的信息化越来越高，许多为水库兴利调度开发的调度决策支持系统，为水库的兴利调度提供了较好的参考依据，发挥了巨大的经济效益。目前水库兴利调度一般都是采用传统的C/S（Client/Server）结构，但是随着网络技术和分布式数据库技术的迅速发展，基于C/S结构的软件系统就暴露出维护工作量大、升级困难、可移植性差、开发周期长和信息难以共享等自身难以克服的缺点。

Repository control is central to the management of reservoir operations, in order to rationalize the operation of reservoirs and to resolve and coordinate problems with regard to the reliability and economics of reservoirs in cases where run-off is not accurately foreseen, and to mitigate damage caused by improper movement, thereby providing full engineering benefits. The security of reservoir movement control is reflected mainly in flood control, while the economics of reservoirs are reflected mainly in the economic benefits of flood control, which, based on information on the amount of water in the reservoirs, the characteristics of reservoirs, the state faced with them and the various constraints, are reduced to the extent possible, and plans and implementation programmes for power generation are determined at different times, making hydroelectric plants most cost-effective. With the development of electronic technology, computer technology and computer applications, the informationization of reservoirs is increasing, and many of the control decision-support systems developed for reservoirs are exposing large-scale maintenance tasks, escalation difficulties, poor portability and information-sharing difficulties.

以Web技术为核心的B/S（Browser/Server）网络化应用模式的出现及其广泛应用，使得软件系统的网络体系结构跨入了一个新的阶段。导致了很多应用系统的体系结构从C/S结构向更加灵活的B/S多级分布结构的演变。基于web的以B/S为核心的水库兴利调度系统使得许多操作可以在客户端浏览器中实现，既简化了操作、提供了较准确的兴利调度依据，又大大减少了软件升级维护费用。

The advent of the Web-based B/S (Browser/Server) Web application model, with its extensive application, has led to a new phase in the network architecture of the software system. This has led to the evolution of the architecture of many applications from the C/S structure to a more flexible B/S multi-level distribution structure. The Web-based B/S-based hydrobanking system has enabled many operations to be implemented in client browsers, simplifying operations, providing a more accurate basis for dynamic scheduling and significantly reducing software upgrade maintenance costs.

一、系统结构分析及总体结构

I. SYSTEM STRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURE

兴利调度系统结构以Web服务器和Oracle数据库服务器为中心，以2003为系统开发平台，采用和c#作为核心编程语言。整个调度系统分为三层：表示层、业务逻辑层、数据库层。表示层为用户提供一个在浏览器里显示的交互界面；业务逻辑层是所有调度功能模块的集合；数据库层负责业务逻辑层中所有数据的持久存储。用户通过浏览器在Web上根据权限可进行兴利调度方面的操作，充分发挥水库的兴利效益；可进行兴利调度成果的管理，实现资源的共享。兴利调度系统总体结构如图1所示。

The structure of the system is centred on Web server and Oracle database server, with 2003 as the platform for system development, with c# as the core programming language. The entire system is divided into three layers: a layer, a business logic layer, and a database layer. The layer is intended to provide users with an interactive interface displayed in the browser; the business logic layer is a pool of all movement control modules; the database layer is responsible for the sustainability of all data in the business logic layer. Users can operate on Web with a dynamic movement control capability, taking full advantage of the benefits of the reservoir; and the management of dynamic movement results and the sharing of resources is possible. The overall structure of the system is shown in figure 1.

二、数据库设计

Database design

2.1数据库结构。数据库设计是整个系统关键的一步，一个良好的数据库设计是高效率的系统所必须的。应依据需求，获取并分析系统信息，进行数据内部以及外在关系的分析，有效地建立整个系统的数据结构，在此基础上对数据库的数据量、数据流量、及响应速度的估算分析，合理地给数据库分配物理空间，使数据储存合理，没有冗余，保证数据库数据的安全和数据库的性能。目前通用的数据库软件中Oracle数据库以其能够很好地满足标准信息服务系统的要求，因此本系统以Oracle9i作为B/S计算环境数据库服务器的分布式数据库管理系统（DBMS）。依据水库兴利调度工作的需要和用户查询的需要，对不同类型的数据进行分类管理，以满足远程用户的数据库访问的需要，能适应网络环境的需要，确保数据的可靠性、有效性、完整性、安全性和一致性，实现数据的共享。本分布式数据库系统分为用户限管理模块、系统数据管理和维护模块、水库基本信息模块、查询模块、水库兴利调度数据储存模块、图形报表模块。

2.1 Database structure. Database design is a key step for the system as a whole, and a good database design is essential for an efficient system. The data structure of the entire system should be effectively constructed on the basis of demand-driven acquisition and analysis of system information, analysis of data internal and external relationships, and estimation of data volume, data flow, and response speed of the database, rational allocation of physical space to the database, rational storage of data without redundancy, and assurance of the security and integrity of the database data. The Oracle database in the current common database software is capable of meeting the requirements of the standard information service system. The system is therefore divided into user-limited management modules, system data management and maintenance modules, basic database information modules, query modules, water bank storage modules, and graphic reporting modules, in accordance with the needs of the hydrolock movement control process and user queries.

2.2用户权限管理模块。为有效保证系统的安全性,根据实际需要系统管理员在本模块中为不同的用户授予不同的权限，也可以在本模块中添加、修改、删除用户权限资料。

2.2 The User Permissions Management Module. To effectively ensure the security of the system, system administrators grant different privileges in this module for different users, depending on their actual needs, they can also add, modify, and delete user permission information in this module.

2.3系统数据管理和维护模块。数据库是系统的核心。数据库的管理和维护是将水库兴利调度的数据进行分类管理，对历史资料和水雨情资料进行更新，对不合理的数据进行修改、删除，是保证数据库中数据的正确性、可靠性的重要手段。

2.3 System data management and maintenance modules. Database management and maintenance are at the heart of the system. The management and maintenance of the database is an important means of ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data in the database by classifying data from the reservoir, updating historical and rainfall information and modifying and deleting unreasonable data.

2.4水库基本信息模块。在本模块中给出了水库的基本信息，即水文特性、工程效益、管理状况、水利工程设施等、水库的流域概况以及水库兴利调度系统的设计原理和框图等内容。

2.4 Base Basic Information Module. The basic information on reservoirs is given in this module, i.e. hydrological properties, engineering benefits, management conditions, hydraulic engineering facilities, etc., watershed profiles of reservoirs, and design principles and frame maps for reservoir flow control systems.

2.5查询模块。在本模块中用户可根据自己的权限和需要，对历史水雨情信息、实时水雨情信息、水库兴利调度信息的查询，用户也可根据自己的权限对部分数据信息进行打印，较好的实现了数据的共享，给操作人员和其它用户带来了极大的方便。

2.5 Query module. Users in this module can access historical water and rain situation information, real-time water and rain situation information, water reservoir dynamic scheduling information according to their own competencies. Users can also print some of the data information according to their own competencies and better share the data and make it extremely convenient for operators and other users.

2.6水库兴利调度数据储存模块。根据水库兴利调度的特点，本模块中兴利调度数据又分为优化调度成果和常规调度成果。水库兴利调度人员可根据水库的特性和其它因素，通过对优化调度成果和常规调度成果分析比较，拟定合理的兴利调度方案，充分发挥水库的兴利效益。

2.6 The Base's dynamic movement control data storage module. Depending on the features of the reservoir's dynamic movement control, the dynamic movement data in this module is divided into optimized movement control results and conventional movement results. The reservoir's dynamic movement control personnel can maximize the benefits of the reservoir, based on the characteristics of the reservoir and other factors, by developing a rational movement control programme based on an analysis of the optimal movement control results and conventional movement results.

三、系统功能及采用的关键技术

III. SYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND KEY TECHNOLOGIES USED

3.1数据管理功能。对于一个水库兴利调度系统而言，数据量非常大，如何合理地对数据进行管理和处理是一个非常重要的问题。为了更好的对水库兴利调度数据进行管理和更方便实现数据信息的共享，对不同类型的数据进行分类，由管理人员定期清除数据的冗余和对数据进行添加、删除、更新、编辑、导入、导出及备份。给各部门带来了极大的方便，减轻了调度人员的工作强度，提高了工作效率和质量，保证了数据的可靠性、正确性和统一性，实现了水库兴利调度管理的规范化。

3.1 Data management functionality. The volume of data is very large for a reservoir-friendly movement control system, and how to manage and process it rationally is a very important issue. To better manage the pool-friendly movement data and facilitate the sharing of data information, classify different types of data, be regularly cleared by managers and add, delete, update, edit, import, export and back-up the data. This provides a great deal of convenience to departments, reduces the intensity of dispatcher work, improves the efficiency and quality of work, ensures the reliability, correctness and consistency of data, and standardizes the management of the pool-friendly movement-management.

3.2兴利调度功能。水库兴利调度是是本系统的核心，是系统设计的主要目的。系统提供了优化兴利调度模块和常规兴利调度模块，通过对优化调度和常规调度结果的分析比较，以及考虑以往的调度律，用于指导实际水库的水利调度。考虑到实际的需要优化调度模块和常规调度模块又分为年兴利调度模块、月兴利调度模块、日兴利调度模块。水库兴利调度的结果以界面友好大方、形象直观的图形和列表的形式输出到用户界面，给决策者来了极大的方便。

3.2 Energetic movement control functions. The reservoir movement control is at the heart of the system and the primary purpose of the system design. The system provides the optimised movement control module and the conventional movement control module, which are used to guide the physical water movement of the reservoir through an analytical comparison of the results of the optimized movement control and the conventional movement control exercise, as well as consideration of previous movement control practices. The movement control module and the conventional movement control module, taking into account actual needs, are also divided into the York movement control module, the Moon movement control module, and the Yorim movement control module. The results of the hydro pool movement control are exported to the user interface in the form of a user-friendly interface, visual graphics and lists that make it extremely convenient for decision makers.

3.3信息与成果查询功能。为使水库兴利调度系统的各类实时数据、水库基本信息和历史数据等信息在更大范围内实现共享，不同的用户根据自身不同的权限不同的需要对水库的基本信息如：水文特性、工程效益、管理状况、水利工程设施等信息的查询；对各次兴利调度的结果根据用户输入查询的条件以日调度结果、月调度结果、年调度结果的形式利用直观的报表显示，充分体现了灵活、可靠、高效、易使用且结果显示具有多样性的特点。

3.3 Information and result query functions. In order for the various types of real-time data, basic information on reservoirs and historical data of the system to be shared on a wider scale, access to basic information on reservoirs, such as hydrological properties, engineering benefits, management status, water engineering facilities, etc., is provided by different users according to their different competencies; the results of the various schemes, using visual statements in the form of daily movement control results, monthly movement control results and annual movement control results, are fully flexible, reliable, efficient, easy to use and the results are diverse.

3.4图形动态显示功能。图形动态显示是水库兴利调度系统中的重要组成部分,给水库调度人员进行水库兴利调度提供了较好的、形象直观的、科学的计算结果和决策依据。本系统采用微软在.NET平台上集成的实时数据库制表组件—OWC（MicrosoftOfficeWebComponents）。OWC功能强大，在Excel中能够实现的所有图表功能在OWC中几乎都能够实现。在B/S三层结构模式下，在页面中调用OWC，客户端只需安装IE或Netscape等任一款浏览器，无需加载任何组件，能够根据用户的要求快速取得数据库中的数据实时动态地生成各种类型图表。

3.4 Graphical dynamic features. Graphical dynamics are an important part of the reservoir boom scheduler system, which provides a better visual, scientific basis for calculating and making decisions about reservoir scheduling by reservoir controllers. The system uses a real-time database tab component of Microsoft integrated on the.NET platform - OWC (MicroOfficeWebComplanents). The OWC function is strong, and almost all chart functions that can be performed in Excel can be realized in the OWC. Under the B/S 3-storey structure mode, call OWC on the page, the client simply needs to install any viewer such as IE or Netscape, without any component being added, to enable the database to be quickly and dynamically generated in real time in accordance with the user's request.

3.5报表生成及打印功能。报表生成及打印也是水库兴利调度系统中的重要组成部分，水库管理人员可以通过该功能清楚地了解本水库的一些实际情况客户端只需安装IE或Netscape等任一款浏览器，利用其自带的打印功能，每一报表均可以实现打印功能。为解决在B/S模式下报表打印难的问题，本系统采用提供的内嵌CrystalReport（水晶报表）一个简单易用的用于Web应用程序报表打印的设计开发工具，可以方便用户通过浏览器实现报表的打印。

3.5 The report generation and printing function. The report generation and printing is also an important part of the reservoir's dynamic scheduler system, through which the reservoir manager can clearly understand some of the actual customers in the reservoir by installing only any IE or Netscape browsers and by using their own printing features, each report can be printed. To address the problem of hard-to-print reporting in B/S mode, the system uses a simple, user-friendly design development tool for web application report printing, which is available to facilitate the printing of reports through browsers.

3.6人机交互功能。在水库兴利调度中对决策者的调度经验和偏好的考虑是系统集成中很容易被忽视的问题，因此，系统把后台复杂的数据交换和分析处理用友好的、易于操作的界面表现在前台,为用户创造操作简便、功能强大、可视性强、形象直观的人机交互界面。

3.6-person interactive functions. The movement control experience and preferences of decision makers in the dynamic movement of reservoirs are issues that can easily be ignored in the integration of systems. As a result, the system presents the complex data exchange and analytical processing of backstages with friendly, easy-to-operable interfaces at the front desk, creating user interfaces that are simple, functional, visible and visual.

3.7用户管理功能。系统管理员可以根据实际工作需要，为系统使用者分配多个角色。不同角色拥有不同权限，系统管理员可以进行角色的修改、增加、删除及角色权限的改变，不同的用户登录之后，只能在各自的权限范围内进行相应的操作。

3.7 User management functions. System administrators may assign multiple roles to system users, depending on their actual work needs. Different roles have different privileges, system administrators can modify, add, delete and change roles, and when different users log in, they can only do so within their respective areas of competence.

3.8在线帮助功能。在线帮助提供系统使用的各类功能模块的操作说明、注意事项、常见问题解决方法及联系方式。

3.8 Online help functions. Online help provides operational instructions, attention, frequently asked questions solutions and contact details for the various functional modules used by the system.

四、结语

IV. CONCLUSION

兴利调度系统在开发过程中注重与用户的直接交流，并随着现代信息技术的快速发展，将不断完善调度系统的功能和内容以进一步符合用户的要求。做到根据水情自动测报系统和洪水预报系统，能够迅速的提出发电调度方案，为决策者提供技术支持，提高水库的运行管理水平，更好地发挥水库的兴利效益，且较好的实现了信息的共享。

During its development, the Energetic Movement Control System focuses on direct communication with users and, with the rapid development of modern information technology, will continue to refine the functionality and content of the system to better meet user requirements. It will enable the rapid submission of power-generation dispatch programmes based on the Automated Water Surveillance System and the Flood Forecast System, providing technical support to decision makers, improving the operational management of reservoirs, making better use of the benefits of reservoirs and better sharing of information.

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