制圖：蔡華偉
“物聯網”（Internet of Things，縮寫IoT）一詞誕生於15年前，最近幾年，這個“高大上”的事物逐漸走進我們的生活。物聯網能夠將特定空間環境中的所有物體連接起來，進行擬人化信息感知和協同交互，而且具備自我學習、處理、決策和控制的行為能力，從而完成智能化生產和服務。當前，物聯網正在推動人類社會從“信息化”向“智能化”轉變，促進信息科技與產業發生巨大變化。不久的將來，物聯網將有力改變我們生活與工作的環境，把我們帶進智能化世界。
The word Internet of Things, IOT, was born 15 years ago, and in recent years, this “high-large” thing has gradually moved into our lives. The Internet can connect everything in a given space environment, create humanized information perceptions and interactions, and develop self-learning, processing, decision-making and control skills to achieve intelligent production and services. In the meantime, it is pushing human society from “information” to “intellectual” to “intellectual” technology and industry. In the near future, it will dramatically change the environment of our lives and work and lead us to a intelligent world.
物聯網技術思想是“按需求連接萬物”
The idea of a network of technologies is "to connect everything according to need."
在2005年信息社會世界峰會上，國際電信聯盟正式提出“物聯網”概念，提出無所不在的“物聯網”通信時代即將來臨，世界上所有物體，從輪胎到牙刷、從房屋到紙巾都可以通過因特網主動進行信息交換。
At the 2005 World Summit for the Information Society, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) formally introduced the concept of a “telenet” of ubiquitous “telenet” communications that is about to come and that all things in the world, from tires to toothbrush, from houses to napkins, can exchange information via Intenet.
物聯網的技術思想是“按需求連接萬物”。具體而言，就是通過各種網絡技術及射頻識別（通過無線電進行數據交換以達到信息識別）、紅外感應器、全球定位系統、激光掃描器等信息傳感設備，按照約定協議將包括人、機、物在內所有能夠被獨立標識的物端（包括所有實體和虛擬的物理對象及終端設備）無處不在地按需求連接起來，進行信息傳輸和協同交互，以實現對物端的智能化信息感知、識別、定位、跟蹤、監控和管理，構建所有物端之間具有類人化知識學習、分析處理、自動決策和行為控制能力的智能化服務環境。
The technical idea of the network is to “connect everything according to need”. In particular, it is to connect all kinds of network technologies and radios (transaction of data via wireless power to achieve information recognition), infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., which, according to the agreement, will include people, machines, and all objects within the network that can be independently identified (including all physical and virtual physical and end-to-end devices) everywhere on the basis of demand, to conduct information transfer and interaction, to provide real intellectual understanding, knowledge, identity, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management of the objects at the end of the world, and to construct an intellectual knowledge, analytical treatment, self-determination and intellectual service environment that is capable of controlling all objects at all ends.
信息社會正在從互聯網時代向物聯網時代發展。如果說互聯網是把人作為連接和服務對象，那麼物聯網就是將信息網絡連接和服務的對象從人擴展到物，以實現“萬物互聯”。二者在需求滿足上也有所區別：互聯網時代，信息網絡的任務是滿足公共信息傳輸需求﹔物聯網時代，信息網絡的任務是滿足特定智能服務需求，二者相互支撐，不可或缺。
The information society is developing from the time of the Internet to the time of the Internet. If the Internet is to use people as connectors and service pairs, the Internet is to expand the interface and service pairs from people to people in order to realize “all things together.” There is also a difference between the need to meet: the Internet age, where information networks are tasked with meeting the need for public information transmission; and the Internet age, where information networks are tasked with meeting specific needs for intelligent services, which are mutually reinforcing and indispensable.
物聯網環境下未來的智能服務系統，將成為未來社會重要的基礎設施。智能服務系統作為物聯網科技創新的關鍵，將真實環境物理空間與虛擬環境信息空間進行映射協同，實現通信、計算和控制的融合。智能服務系統使物與物、人與物之間能夠以新的方式進行主動的協同交互，從而鉤織一張物理世界內生互聯的智能協同網絡。
The future smart services system in the network environment will become the foundation of the future society. Smart services, as a new key to networking technology, map real-life physical space with virtual environmental information space, and integrate communication, calculation, and control. Smart services enable new ways to interact between objects and goods, people and goods, and to create a new way of interacting with each other from a web of intellectuals that connects with the physical world.
重塑生產組織方式，推動產業革命
Reshaping the way production is organized and revolutionizing the industry.
物聯網已成為全球新一輪科技革命與產業變革的重要驅動力。歷經概念興起驅動、示范應用引領、技術顯著進步和產業逐步成熟，物聯網正加快轉化為現實科技生產力。如果說影響生產工具和產品的技術會帶來量變，那麼物聯網技術將帶來質變，因為它將重塑生產組織方式。物聯網科技產業在全球范圍內快速發展，正與制造技術、新能源、新材料等領域融合，步入產業大變革前夜，迎來大發展時代。
The network has become an important driving force for a new global technological revolution and transformation. The concept has emerged, demonstrated applications, technology has advanced and the industry has matured, and the network is accelerating its transformation into real technology. If technology affecting production tools and products changes, the network technology will change, because it will reshape the way production is organized.
隨著物聯網應用的普及，不同應用需求如智能可穿戴設備、智能家電、智能網聯汽車、智能機器人、智慧醫療、農田水利、市政建筑等數以萬億計的新設備將接入網絡。這些應用正在爆發性增長並將形成海量數據，促進生產生活和社會管理方式進一步智能化、網絡化和精細化，推動經濟社會發展更加智能高效。
With the widespread use of network applications, new devices such as smart access devices, smart appliances, smart network cars, smart robots, smart medicine, farm water, municipal buildings, etc. will be connected to the network. These applications are becoming explosive and growing and will form big data that will lead to further intellectualization, networking and fine-tuning of productive life and social management, leading to more intelligent and efficient economic development.
與其他高新技術融合發展是物聯網技術的重要特性。當前，物聯網正促進5G、窄帶物聯網、雲計算、大數據、人工智能、區塊鏈和邊緣計算等新一代信息技術向各領域滲透，引發全球性產業分工格局重大變革。在組網方面，全球范圍內低功率廣域網技術正快速興起並逐步商用，面向物聯網廣覆蓋、低時延場景的5G技術標准化進程加速。同時，工業以太網、短距離通信等相關通信技術快速發展，為人、機、物的智能化按需組網互聯提供良好技術支撐。在信息處理方面，信息感知、知識表示、機器學習等技術迅速發展，極大提升物聯網的智能化數據處理能力。在物聯網虛擬平台、數字孿生與操作系統方面，基於雲計算及開源軟件的廣泛應用，有效降低企業構建生態門檻，推動全球范圍內物聯網公共服務平台和操作系統的進步。
In terms of networking, low-power domains in the world are growing rapidly and gradually commercializing technologies such as 5G technology standards for wide-covering and low-time setting, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, chaining and border computing, and leading to significant changes in the global division of labour patterns. In this context, industries are rapidly developing and expanding their technology for the development of 5G technology standards for high-level, low-time, low-level, high-speed, high-speed, high-speed, high-speed, high-speed, high-speed, short-range communications, etc. In the same time, industries are expanding their communications technology to provide good technological support for the need-based networking of people, machines, and goods. In the area of information processing, information awareness, knowledge, robotics, and other technologies are rapidly developing and developing in a commercial way that enhances the capabilities of the smart digitalization of the network.
物聯網帶來數字化和智能化變革，可以改變許多行業。其中最具代表性的概念，莫過於“工業互聯網”。2011年，“工業4.0”概念由德國首次提出后，至今已有多個國家跟進。美國通用電氣公司提出的“工業互聯網”概念是全球工業系統與高級計算、分析、傳感技術及互聯網的高度融合，意思是在物聯網基礎上將人、數據和機器連接起來，讓設備、生產線、工廠、供應商、產品和客戶相互間緊密地按需協同，綜合應用大數據分析技術和遠程控制技術，優化工業設施和機器的運行維護，通過網絡化智能化手段提升工業制造智能化水平，形成跨設備、跨系統、跨廠區、跨地區的互聯互通產業鏈，從而提高效率，推動整個制造服務體系智能化。工業互聯網作為中國智能制造業發展的重要支撐，已經得到我國政府高度重視，“十三五”規劃、《國務院關於積極推進“互聯網+”行動的指導意見》、《關於深化制造業與互聯網融合發展的指導意見》都明確提出發展工業互聯網。
The concept of the “industrial network” proposed by the US General Electric Company is a high degree of integration between the global industrial system and high-level computing, analysis, communication technology and networking, meaning that industrial intelligence is enhanced through web-based intelligence, and that it has created a network of infrastructure, intersystems, trans-plants, inter-fields, inter-terrestrial networks, inter-terrestrial networks, inter-operability, inter-operability, inter-operability, inter-operability, inter-operability, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-operative, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-occupational, inter-operative, inter-occupational and inter-occupational, and inter-occupational, inter-o-o, inter-o, inter-o, inter-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-SM, inter-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o, inter-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o, inter-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-., inter-o-o-o-o, inter-o, inter-o, inter-o-o-., inter-o-o-o-o-., and the Chinese-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-
由於前景可觀，世界各國都在加速搶佔物聯網產業發展先機。在產業層面，相關大型公司紛紛制定物聯網發展戰略，並通過合作、並購等方式快速進行重點行業和產業鏈關鍵環節布局，提升在整個產業中的地位。阿裡巴巴、騰訊、百度、亞馬遜、蘋果、英特爾、高通等全球知名企業，均從不同環節和層面布局物聯網。
At the industrial level, the major companies involved have developed strategies for the development of the network, and are working quickly, through cooperation and purchase, on key business and industry linkages, to raise their position in the industry as a whole. Globally recognized companies such as Alibaba, Tsing, Pedu, Amazon, Apple, Intel, Hightom, etc. are connected from a variety of circles and layers.
智能生產、智慧生活正在開啟
Smart production, intelligent life is opening.
物聯網的發展為人類社會描繪出智能化世界的美好藍圖。那麼，從抽象概念回到具體應用上來，物聯網究竟怎樣與我們的生產、生活發生聯系？
The development of the Internet has created a beautiful blueprint for the intelligent world in human society. So, from abstract concepts to specific applications, how does the network relate to our production and our lives?
目前，物聯網的實際應用，已在制造業、農業、家居、交通和車聯網、醫療健康等多個領域取得顯著成果。目前全球活躍的物聯網終端設備數量已超過500億個，萬億級垂直行業市場正在興起。
At present, the practical applications of the network have yielded remarkable results in many fields, such as manufacturing, agriculture, home, transport and transport networks, and health care. The number of global online end-of-life devices is now over 50 billion, and the 100 billion vertical market is emerging.
生產方面，物聯網對工業、農業影響深遠。工業互聯網環境目前可以從網絡連接的終端設備處獲取和分析數據，結合遠程監視和控制設備監控工業系統，可以實現各種具有傳感、識別、處理、通信、驅動和聯網功能的制造設備的無縫集成。通過射頻識別等技術對相關生產資料進行電子化標識，實現生產過程及供應鏈的智能化管理，利用傳感器等技術加強生產狀態信息的實時採集和數據分析，提升效率和質量，促進安全生產和節能減排。
In terms of production, the network has a profound impact on industry and agriculture. The industry network environment is now able to obtain and analyse data from the end-of-life facilities connected to the network, to combine remote surveillance and control of the design monitoring system, and to make possible a seamless integration of manufacturing facilities with telepathic, cognitive, processing, communication, drive and network functions. The technologies used are video-chemicals of relevant production data, intelligent management of production processes and supply chains, and to use techniques such as sensors to enhance the current collection and analysis of information on the state of production, to improve efficiency and quality, and to promote safe production and release.
在智慧農業領域，物聯網助力“精耕細作”。通過收集種植環境的溫度、降雨量、濕度、風速、病虫害和土壤含量的數據，實現耕種智能處理和決策。甚至可以將物聯網獲得的數據應用於精確施肥計劃，最大程度地減少風險和浪費，同時減少管理農作物所需的工作量。
In the field of intelligent agriculture, the co-operative support is “precision.” By collecting data on the temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pests, and soil content of the planting environment, real-life intelligent farming treatment and decision-making can even be applied to accurate fertilizer applications, minimizing risks and costs, while reducing the amount of work needed to manage crops.
在生活中，家居、交通、醫療健康等都是物聯網的用武之地。智能家居將信息技術與室內物品設施、人的室內生活、安全防護等各方面融合協同，推進家居、安防服務信息化、智慧化。比如語音控制可以幫助視力不佳或行動不便的用戶，警報系統可以連接到用戶佩戴的人工耳蝸，監控系統還可以對跌倒或癲癇等健康事故進行報警。智能交通和車聯網也離不開物聯網技術。在不同要素間無縫連接，能夠實現車內和車外通信、智能交通控制、智能停車、電子收費系統、車輛管理控制等多種場景應用。比如在物流車隊管理中，通過無線傳感器查看貨物的位置和狀況，並在異常時發送警報。智慧醫療利用物聯網技術，可以實現對藥品保健品的快速跟蹤和定位，降低監管成本﹔通過建立臨床數據應用中心，可以開展基於物聯網智能感知和大數據分析的精准醫療應用﹔也可以充分運用智能穿戴設備（智能手環、智能指環等）和射頻識別等技術採集居民健康信息，建立健康大數據創新管理雲服務平台。
Smart households combine information technology and interior design, human in-house life, security protection, etc., into homes, security services information, and intelligence. For example, voice control can help users with poor visualization or mobility, alarm systems can be connected to artificial earplugs worn by users, surveillance systems can also report health accidents, such as falls or hysteria. Smart traffic and car connections can also be combined with unopened network technology. Smart doctors can use network technology to provide in- and out-of-car communications, smart traffic control, smart parking, electric system, vehicle control, etc.
物聯網已經成為全球信息科技發展的重要趨勢之一，它的出現和興起為我國科技和經濟發展帶來難得機遇。我們應當抓住機遇創造未來，建設好智能化數字中國。
The Internet has become one of the major trends in the development of global information technology, which has brought unique opportunities for technology and economic development in our country. We should seize the opportunity to create a future and create a smart China.
（作者為中國通信學會物聯網委員會主任）
(authored by the Director of the Committee of the Communications Association of China)
推薦讀物：
Recommended reader:
1．《物聯網導論（第3版）》：劉雲浩著﹔科學出版社出版。
1. The Internet Guide (3rd ed.): Liu Yun Ho; published by Scientific Publishing House.
2.《物聯網：現在與未來》：王志良主編﹔機械工業出版社出版。
2. Features Network: Present and Future: Editor-in-Chief Wang Chi Liang; published by the Mechanical Industries Press.
3.《圖解物聯網》：[日]NTT DATA集團著，丁靈譯﹔人民郵電出版社出版。
3. Graphics Network: by NTT DATA, Inc., Jinding; published by the People's Post and Telecommunications Press.
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