硬分叉指的是區塊鏈發生永久性分歧,在新共識規則發佈後,部分沒有升級的節點無法驗證已經升級的節點生產的區塊,通常硬分叉就會發生。代碼出現一個硬分叉,會改變挖礦演算法的難度級別。[1]
Hard Fork refers to a permanent disagreement between which, after the release of the new code, part of the non-upgraded nodes cannot verify the elevated nodes, usually happens. 系統都存在“升級”,區塊鏈也一樣。在中心化系統中升級軟體十分簡單,你只需要在應用商店點擊“升級”即可。但是在區塊鏈這樣的去中心化系統中,“升級”並不是那麼簡單。
has an "upgrade" and a block chain. The upgrade in a centralised system is simple. You only have to hit the "upgrade" in an apparel shop. But it is not as simple as
因為沒有中心化機構,比特幣等數字資產的每次代碼升級都需要獲得社區的一致認可,如果社區無法達成一致,區塊鏈就很可能形成“分叉”。
Because there are no centralized institutions, digitized upgrades require the unanimous recognition of the community and, if the community is unable to agree, the chain is likely to form a “flag”.
比如2013年3月,比特幣客戶端版本號為0.8的新版本和舊版本之間的衝突就引起了比特幣網路的分叉,使用0.7等舊版本的礦工和比特幣商家拒絕接受新計算出來的塊鏈。在強迫大型礦池返回0.7舊版本後,分叉重新合併,問題才得到解決。
For example, in March 2013, between the new version of the Bitcoin client code number 0.8 and the old version
在區塊鏈領域中,以太坊是一個知名的底層應用公鏈項目。它能夠支持DApp在其上面進行創建和運行,就如同手機上的安卓或iOS系統能夠支持APP運行一樣。在2016年,以太坊曾因為the DAO事件而進行了硬分叉。
In the area of , Ether is a well-known bottom-level public chain application project. It can support the creation and operation of DApp on it as The DAO就是以太坊上的一個DApp,是Decentralized Autonomous Organization(分散式自治組織)的簡稱。那時這個項目在以太坊上進行中眾籌時,在短短的28天內就籌集了1150萬以太幣,在當時價值1.49億美元,成為有史以來最大的眾籌項目。
The DAO is an adjunct of a DApp on the Tai Lok, a popular fund-raiser for the People 這個獲得眾多人看好的自治組織,由德國的以太坊創業公司Slock.it編寫源代碼,其職能被設計成為一個類似於投資基金的組織,可以由社區成員投票,授權給社區為以太坊項目提供資金。
This self-governing organization , written by the function has been designed to become an organization similar to 代碼編寫出的智能合約來進行。社區通過代幣DAO Token來進行投票和投資,並且可以創建child DAO(子DAO,即通過調用DAO智能合約中的split函數,創建出來的小型DAO智能合約。創建成功後,原來DAO智能合約中的代幣被銷毀,以太幣將被轉移到新建的小型DAO智能合約上),DAO Token則可以用以太幣兌換來得到。
code code written by smart contract . The community vote and 眾籌結束後,the DAO項目團隊正在討論資助提案項目前的系統缺陷。在6月12日,創始人之一的Stephan Tual宣佈,他們發現了軟體中的一個“遞歸調用splitDAO函數”漏洞,正著手解決,但the DAO中的資金並不會有風險。
The DAO is discussing the current systemic deficiencies of the funding proposal. On June 12, Stephan Tual, one of the founders, announced that they would find a "reduced splitDAO function" in the software gap , which was working, but the DAO's funding would not have . 6月15日,the DAO上的漏洞尚未修複完成,發起攻擊的合約就被創立了,令所有人都措手不及。17日,攻擊正式開始。以太坊創始人Vitalik Buterin立刻通知了中國社區,DAO遭到黑客的攻擊,通過DAO上“遞歸調用”的漏洞,不斷從the DAO 中分離出資產並建立自己的child DAO,將這些以太幣轉移到裡面。根據當時以太幣的價格,可以得出被黑客轉移的以太幣價值近6千萬美元。
為了輓回這一局勢,Buterine當機立斷,發佈了《緊急狀態更新:關於the DAO的漏洞》的文章,解釋了當時the DAO被攻擊的細節,以及一個關於分叉解決方案提議。首先進行軟分叉,就是修改以太坊區塊鏈上的共識協議,使得新生成的區塊獲得所有節點的認同。
In response to this situation, Buterine explained the details of the attack on the DAO and a proposal for a breakout solution. The first soft break was to modify the section of the portal . 這是一個有效的提議,一經軟分叉,所有被盜的幣都將“凍結”在那個地址上。從區塊高度1760000開始,所有關於the DAO以及child DAO的交易都將無效,以此來阻止黑客將以太幣提出。然後,再進行一次硬分叉將這些以太幣找回。
This is a valid proposition that all stolen coins will be "frozen" at that address once they are softly split. Starting at 1760,000, all about the DAO and Child DAO will be ineffective in order to prevent hackers from presenting them in taels. Then, a hard split will be carried out to retrieve them in tacos. 軟分叉的提案一齣,攻擊暫時停止。但在19日,黑客卻宣稱若有反對這個軟分叉提案的礦工,將獲得100萬以太幣以及100個比特幣獎勵。在當天,攻擊又起,不過被分離出去的DAO非常少。
But on 19 the hackers claimed that if there were any miners against the soft fork, they would get 1 million talismans and 100 bitcoin. On that day, the attack started with very few separate DAOs. 6月22日,黑客又開始了行動。有白帽黑客將the DAO的資產轉移到了一個安全的子DAO中,但其後就有黑帽黑客,也就是這次攻擊的發起者,對這一子DAO的智能合約進行了攻擊。
On June 22, the hacker transferred the DAO's to a secure sub DA'A', followed by the DAO's hacker =https://wiki.mbalib.com/E8%E8%E8%Et2%A2%Et2%E2%A2%Et2%A" >. 為了拿回被盜的幣,以太坊最終還是進行了分叉。7月20日,備受矚目的以太坊硬分叉完成,中國的一個礦池成功地從這條新主鏈上挖到了第一個區塊。而由黑客轉移的,其中有價值4千萬美元的以太幣被成功地轉移到了新的地址,也就是說,經過分叉回滾,黑客盜走的the DAO以太幣,被成功“召喚”回來。
這一次分叉,無疑是力輓狂瀾的壯舉。然而,以太坊的分叉並沒有得到所有礦工的同意,所有以太坊最終形成了兩條鏈,一條是原來的鏈ETC(以太經典),一條為新分叉出的鏈ETH,即現在的以太坊。這兩條鏈分別代表了不同的社區共識和價值觀。
This time, there is no doubt that it is an act of ecstasy. However, Ether's fork did not receive the consent of all miners, all of which eventually formed two chains, the original chain (in the classics), and a new fork ETH, which now represents the values of . 同時,這一次分叉也引發了區塊鏈業內對以太坊的一系列爭議和思考。雖然硬分叉奪回了被盜走的幣,但也暴露出了這樣一個問題:區塊鏈的分叉,以及將被盜的幣回滾的措施,違背了區塊鏈不可篡改的特性。
At the same time, this split-off also gave rise to a series of controversy and reflections within the industry of /a> about the Ether. While hard-drawn back the stolen currency, it also revealed a problem: the split of the chain and the measures to roll the stolen currency back were contrary to the irretrievable character of the chain. 而這一點,也正是ETC和ETH社區的矛盾之處,支持ETC的人認為,不能因為一個應用就這樣改變以太坊。
And that is the contradiction between the ETC and the ETH community, where those who support ETC believe that one should not change the Etheria just because one should do so. 很多人認為,這一次分叉永久地改變了以太坊的價值方向,甚至還影響到了整個區塊鏈行業:區塊鏈的不可篡改和可延續性,究竟孰輕孰重?同時,這次分叉也帶來了其他負面影響——很多項目後來也通過硬分叉對區塊鏈進行升級和優化,甚至分裂出新幣。
Many believe that this is a permanent change in Ether's value direction and even affects the whole chain business: what is the weight of the non-frozen and sustainableness of the chain? At the same time, it also has other negative effects - a lot of , which has since upgraded and enhanced the chain by hard splits . 此外,以太坊硬分叉是以多數人的投票而通過的,其中Vitalik Buterin作為核心人物起到了一定的導向作用,而反對的少數人的投票顯得很無力,這很微妙地顯露出了此次分叉中的一種中心化意識。
In addition, . 總是,the DAO的一個漏洞,導致了歷史上的第一次也是最具影響力的分叉。The DAO從成功到失敗的歷程,也啟發了很多人對於智能合約的思考。
Always, one of the of the DAO, which for the first time led to the most gap. The DAO, from success to failure, has also inspired a lot of thinking about
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