积极探索区块链技术在各个领域的融合应用

□ 吕 欣

□ Lu Xin

近两年，我国区块链技术和产业进入了快速发展时期，区块链赋能实体经济发展也迎来重要的历史机遇。本报告在调研分析我国区块链技术创新和应用现状的基础上，分析了面临的问题和挑战，并提出有关发展建议。

In the last two years, the technology and industry of the block chain has entered a period of rapid development, and the economic development of the enabling entities of the block chain has also opened up important historical opportunities. On the basis of the study and analysis of the current state of technological innovation and application of the block chain, the present report analyses the problems and challenges faced and makes recommendations for development.

应用呈现出爆发式增长

The app shows an explosive growth.

目前，我国在区块链技术研究方面持续突破，创新能力逐渐显现。一是研究团队不断增加，研究主体以高等院校和企业为主，主要集中在北京、上海、深圳、杭州等一线和新一线城市；二是联盟链和公链体系不断完善，企业核心技术不断涌现，底层架构性能逐渐优化；三是区块链专利申请数量位居世界前列，截至2019年8月底，中国区块链专利申请量1888件，相比2018年新增26.3%。

At present, the country is continuing to make a breakthrough in technological research on the block chain, and its capacity for innovation is becoming apparent. First, the research team is growing, with institutions of higher learning and enterprises focusing on first-line and new-line cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hangzhou. Second, the alliance chain and public-chain systems are constantly improving, the enterprise core technology is emerging and the bottom structure is gradually optimizing. Third, the number of patent applications for the block chain is among the highest in the world. As of the end of August 2019, the number of patent applications for the Chinese block chain was 188, which was 26.3 per cent more than in 2018.

近年来，我国区块链技术的应用呈现出爆发式增长的趋势。目前，其应用领域已经覆盖了金融服务、供应链、防伪溯源、社会公益、文化娱乐、司法存证、电子政务、医疗健康、共享经济等多个领域，并取得了不同程度的进展。部分应用取得了显著成效，并起到了示范和带动作用，如区块链与云计算结合的BaaS（后端即服务）平台服务被金融、物流等领域的一些巨头企业积极采用，并带动了越来越多的中小企业和更多领域的应用。为集聚优势资源，更好地促进资源协同协作，各地区块链园区及基地不断涌现，为区块链初创企业提供了良好的生存土壤，汇聚了区块链技术、人才、资金等多方面资源。

In recent years, the application of block-chain technology has shown an explosive growth trend. At present, its application has covered financial services, supply chains, anti-prostitution sources, social goods, cultural entertainment, judicial documentation, e-government, health care, shared economy, and so on, with varying degrees of progress. Some of the applications have been successful and have served as models and catalysts, such as the BaaS (back-end services) platform service, which combines block chains with cloud computing, which has been actively used by a number of giant enterprises in the areas of finance, logistics, and has led to a growing number of small and medium-sized enterprises and applications in more areas. For pooling advantage resources, there is a better synergy of resources, and the emergence of regional chains and bases has provided good living ground for start-ups, bringing together multiple resources such as block-chain technology, talent, finance, etc.

国家及各部门目前都非常重视区块链技术应用，陆续出台相关政策。继“十三五”规划将区块链、量子计算、人工智能等都列为重大推进项目以来，国家层面出台了14项纲领性文件，涉及工信部、国家网信办、国家发改委、中国人民银行等多个部门，这些政策主要用于推动区块链技术与人工智能、大数据等技术的融合，并促进区块链行业应用发展。据不完全统计，全国各地区层面已有上海、贵州、浙江、江苏、广东、山东、福建、江西、重庆、云南等10余个省市就区块链发布了指导意见或规划纲要。央地政策驱动、配合升级，正不断推动区块链技术与应用发展。

Since the 13th Five-Year Plan included block chains, quantum calculations, artificial intelligence, etc., among other major promotional projects, 14 programmatic documents have been issued at the national level, covering a number of sectors such as the Ministry of Trade and Communications, the National Network Information Agency, the National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China. These policies are designed to facilitate the integration of block chain technologies with artificial intelligence, data and other technologies, and to promote the development of the sector.

安全风险依然存在

Security risks remain

推广应用难度依然较大。根据不完全统计，目前已经开发出来的和待开发的“公链”达数千条之多，但是实际能落地应用的屈指可数，可复制性成功案例不多。目前，区块链相关的多项底层技术仍处于研发实验阶段，性能不够成熟，部分情况下存在数据安全隐患，性能和安全性有待完善。区块链行业国家层面的标准规范尚未推出，相关的法律和部门法规也不够完善，对区块链技术的推广产生了制约，配套监管措施尚未完全到位。

At present, many bottom-level technologies associated with block chains are still at the research and development pilot stage, with insufficient performance, data security risks in some cases, and improved performance and security. Standard regulations at the national level in the sector have yet to be introduced, and relevant laws and sectoral regulations are inadequate, constraining the diffusion of block chain technology, and supporting regulatory measures are not yet fully in place.

借助“区块链”违法诈骗事件时有发生。一是通过“空手套白狼”炒高币值再“割韭菜”。如2018年，深圳普银区块链集团有限公司发布一种以百亿藏茶作为抵押的虚拟货币，并通过互联网、社交软件等渠道进行大肆宣传，宣称投资者可在虚拟交易平台聚币网上买卖普银币，以此赚取差价。但实际上，公司使用投资人的投资款炒作普银币价格，当大量投资人进场后，该公司不断套现，受害者超3000人，涉案金额约3.07亿元，最高单个损失约300万元。济南惠乐益电子商务公司通过“宝币”“贵币”等“割韭菜”，涉案资金3亿余元。二是以科技之名行传销之实，如西安某传销团伙“消费时代”网络平台销售虚拟“大唐币”，共发展注册会员13,000余人。安徽芜湖某公司以集团化、公司化模式运营，借助“茵特币”实施融资诈骗，以互联网为载体，打着商务活动的幌子，层层发展下线非法牟利。三是“洋为中用”“出口转内销”，借助境外服务器向国内推广虚拟货币，要求参加者缴纳会费，组成层级，以发展人员数量为计酬和返利依据，来实施庞氏骗局。所谓区块链的发起者抓住了人们对财富自由的渴求甚至暴富心理，以及“赚一把就走”的投机心态，加之有些虚拟货币发币机构、“大V”、投资人等利益相关方通过自媒体平台，鼓吹通过数字货币可实现“追赶末班车”“一夜暴富”“一币一别墅”等，过度炒作区块链前景，为“区块链诈骗”提供了舆论土壤。受害者通过推荐提成也变为利益链条的一环，参与了诈骗。

In practice, the company uses investment funds from investors to pay the price of the popular silver coins, and, when large numbers of investors enter the market, the company “circumcises the vegetables.” For example, in 2018, the Silver Zone Chain Group Ltd. in Shenzhen issued a virtual currency of 10 billion tons of tea as collateral and, through the Internet, social software, among other channels, announced that investors could buy and sell Chinese silver on the Internet. But, in practice, the company used the investment funds of investors to make the price of the popular silver coins, and when large numbers of investors entered the market, the company exploited more than 3,000 people and lost about 30 million yuan, the maximum individual lost about 3 million yuan.

网络安全风险依然存在。一是区块链安全风险依然突出。据美国专门研究区块链反洗钱的公司CipherTrace发布的数字加密货币反洗钱报告显示，2016年~2017年，黑客从交易所盗走超过12亿美元赃款以及无法计数的线下赃款和赎金等数字加密货币，并通过交易所、赌博网站、洗钱服务提供商、廉价的区块链转账来洗钱，并形成了形形色色的洗钱方法和洗钱链条。在2018年上半年，加密货币犯罪较2017年增长了3倍。恐怖主义分子和一些国家层面的犯罪活动也在使用加密货币，特别是比特币，多用来支付毒品以及武器交易。二是利用区块链传播有害信息后果严重。基于区块链技术的不可篡改特性，不法分子和组织传播网络谣言、不法信息，后果十分严重，并给区块链在各领域推广应用带来严重负面影响。

In 2016-2017, hackers stole from the exchange over $1.2 billion of stolen money and digitally encrypted currency, such as incalculable wire and ransom, and laundered money through exchanges, gambling websites, money-laundering service providers, cheap block-link transfers, and formed a variety of money-laundering methods and money-laundering chains. In the first half of 2018, the number of crypto-money crimes increased threefold compared to 2017.

加快立法推进融合发展

Accelerating legislation to advance integration

加快推进区块链技术的融合发展。加快区块链技术与实体经济的融合发展，积极探索区块链技术在政务、金融、交通、工业、旅游和社会管理等各个领域的融合应用，切实提升产业创新力、政府公信力和社会治理水平；深入推进区块链技术与大数据、人工智能、5G技术的融合应用，通过推进区块链和5G、人工智能、大数据、物联网等前沿信息技术的深度融合，进一步发挥区块链在促进数据共享、优化业务流程、降低运营成本、提升协同效率、建设可信体系等方面的作用。

To accelerate the development of technology for the integration of the block chain; to accelerate the development of technology for the integration of the block chain with the real economy; to actively explore the application of technology for the integration of the block chain in areas such as government, finance, transport, industry, tourism and social management; to effectively enhance industrial innovation, government credibility and social governance; to further advance technology for the integration of the block chain with big data, artificial intelligence, 5G technology; and to further enhance the role of the block chain in promoting data sharing, optimizing business processes, reducing operating costs, enhancing synergies and building credible systems by promoting the deep integration of the block chain and cutting-edge information technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, big data, physical networking, etc.

进一步加强行业监管力度。针对金融领域的行业乱象，加快研究推出数字货币交易监管措施，严控场外交易，严厉打击洗钱、诈骗、传销等行为；建立联合监管和联动打击机制，通过多部门合作不断提升监管人员的金融专业素养和大数据排查能力，及时发现新动向、新苗头，并从制度层面严格规范技术研发与应用推广；加强区块链的信息安全监管。推进防攻击、违法犯罪等区块链安全技术应用和监管力度，确保区块链应用安全，维护好区块链用户的权益。

In response to industrial disturbances in the financial sector, work has been stepped up on the introduction of measures to regulate digital currency transactions, strict controls on off-site transactions, and severe efforts to combat money-laundering, fraud, distribution, etc.; joint monitoring and joint counter-measure mechanisms have been established to continuously enhance the financial literacy and high-level data-checking capabilities of regulators through multisectoral cooperation, to detect new developments and developments in a timely manner and to strictly regulate the development and application of technology at the institutional level; and to strengthen information security controls in block chains.

加快推进立法和标准化建设工作。从法律层面对区块链的底层技术以及相关应用加以引导和约束，从软件安全、存储安全、业务安全等多个方面结合区块链整体系统运行特征出台相关的法律法规，有效防范新技术带来的潜在风险；加强区块链标准化研究工作，加快区块链参考架构、区块数据格式等基本标准的研制工作，并在制定本国标准的同时，主导或实质性参与区块链国际标准制定工作，加大力度构建具有国际先进水平的区块链标准体系并向国际推广；积极参与区块链领域国际标准化权威组织的工作，争取国际标准制定方面的话语权。

To accelerate legislative and normative development. At the legal level, the bottom technologies of the block chain and related applications are guided and regulated, and relevant laws and regulations are put in place in conjunction with the operational features of the whole system of the block chain in a number of areas, including software security, storage security and operational security, to effectively protect against the potential risks posed by new technologies; to strengthen studies on the standardization of the block chain, to accelerate the development of basic standards such as the block chain reference structure, block data formats and, in parallel with the development of national standards, to lead or participate substantively in the development of international standards for the block chain, to intensify efforts to build an internationally advanced system of block chain standards and to disseminate them to the international community; and to actively participate in the work of the International Organization of Standardization Authorities in the area of the block chain, seeking language in international standard-setting.

（作者系国家发改委国家信息中心挂职干部）

(The author is a member of the National Information Centre of the National Development and Reform Commission)