日己觥,西周文物。通高32厘米、通長33.5厘米、腹深12厘米。1963年出土於陝西省扶風縣齊家村西周窖藏。
日己觥是一整體作長方形的觥。蓋前端為一海獸,高突的雙角呈圓柱體,圓柱上飾對角三角紋兩組,高鼻鼓目,兩耳外張,牙齒用陰線刻劃。蓋中部起脊為一隻小龍,龍頭在海獸的眉心,龍身弓起一直延伸到尾部,龍尾上卷。龍的兩側各飾長尾鳳鳥,鉤喙,三條尾羽向后延伸。龍的后端是一立耳獸頭。器方,口曲,寬流,四角起扉棱,紋飾通體分三層,上部施回首夔龍紋,尾隨小鳥。器腹四壁飾卷角饕餮紋,圈足和蓋的邊緣都輔飾一周小鳥紋,這種小鳥紋的年代約在昭穆時代。觥?為寬大逶迤的獸尾,飾並排的鎖鏈狀刻紋,如孔雀尾羽上的寶珠形羽毛,象征鳳尾。器蓋同銘各18字,內容是說此器是作器者為亡父日己鑄造的祭器,庇護子孫萬代。
觥是古代盛酒器,兼做罰酒器,出現於商代中期,流行至西周中期。通常而言,觥的造型為橢圓腹,上有提梁,底有圈足,觥蓋做成獸首連接獸背脊的形狀,觥的流部為獸頸,可用於斟酒。也有整個酒器作獸形的,是一種仿生器,並附有小勺便於取酒。
有成語叫“觥籌交錯”,是形容眾人聚集飲酒的熱鬧場面。《詩·周南·卷耳》說:“我姑酌彼兕觥。”《醉翁亭記》說:“射者中,弈者勝,觥籌交錯,起坐而喧嘩者,眾賓歡也。”“觥籌交錯”的宴飲自商周時期開始,觥雖然很快就退出了歷史舞台,但是在宋代人的酒宴中還能看到如此熱鬧歡愉的氣氛,可見宴飲中娛酒、推杯換盞的習俗已經保留了下來,並深入到人們的日常生活之中了。
陝西歷史博物館所藏的這件日己觥,造型、紋飾極為華美,整體外觀庄重、大方,設計、制作精巧奇異。全身布滿的浮雕紋樣多種多樣,獸面、夔龍、鳥、虎紋等同處一器,繁而不亂,構圖合理,主次分明,造型和豪放粗獷的紋飾組合巧妙,是西周青銅藝術中獨具匠心的設計,堪稱西周青銅器的典范之作。
The front end is a seabeast, a high corner with a cylindrical trigonometry, a high nose eye, an outer ear with a truncheon at a depth of 12 centimetres. The centre of the ridge is a small dragon, its headbrow at a seabeast, its headbrow at a seabeast, its tails at the tails, its tails at the rear. The rear end is a sea beast, its horns on the sides, its horns on the corners, its eyes on the sides, its teeth on the edges at a depth of 12 centimetres. The central ridge is a small dragon, its head at the brows of a seabreb, its tails at the tails, its tails at the tails, its tails at the tails, its tails at the back. The rear end of the dragons is a brebrebrebrebrets, its brebs at the backs, its brebrebs at the bottom, its brebrebs on the brebs, its brebs, and its head at the bottoms.
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